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The books Histories, Beliefs, and Values, and its companion volume in the same distinguished series, Solicitations: Poverties, Discourses, and Limits, appear in especially challenging times. For Europe, many informed persons keep saying, is once again in crisis. But exactly what the crisis is few seem able to say. When the exact nature of the "crisis" cannot be stated clearly, the "crisis" is certainly critical. On the one hand, so many geo political, economic, political, social, and cultural problems appear to be proliferating endlessly. Yet at the same time so many thoughtful persons continue to narrow their perspectives to almost single issue concerns. Good examples of both overly broad and overly narrow approaches include ongoing discussions at many levels concerning global economic collapse in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, accelerating climate change, worsening migration issues, and even increasingly widespread fears of coming tactical if not strategic nuclear warfare. Moreover, working seriously in sustained ways to find reasonable and efficient middle ground approaches between multifarious and mono causal reflections on current European crises often simply falls between the two poles instead of actually bridging them fruitfully. The main effort here is certainly not a matter of bridging. Rather the attempt is to inquire more particularly into some of the major philosophical and cultural grounds underlying so much general and specialized talk today of Europe's new crises. Accordingly, several basic headings stand out. Just three are selected here - alternative early modern histories of European post modern cultures today, contrasting readings of just how knowledge and belief are to be understood fundamentally, and rationally competitive visions of basic human values.The author:Peter McCormick is Fürst Franz Josef and Fürstin Gina Emeritus Professor of Ethics at the International Academy of Philosophy in Liechtenstein. He is former Professor of Philosophy at the University of Ottawa, and is a member of the Institut international de philosophie (Paris) and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Canada. In the libri nigri he published the books Blindly Seeing. Essays in Ethics: Discourses, Sayings, Sufferings and In Times Like These. Essays in Ethics: Situations, Resources, Issues. ContentsPrefacePart One: HistoriesEssay I: Modernities and HistoriesExplanatory and Interpretive AccountsDescartes versus Plato, Augustine, and MontaigneTwo Modernities: Descartes and MontaigneThe Disputed Origins of ModernityThe Frames of Our Histories and ModernitiesEnvoi: The Remaining TensionEndnotesEssay II: Internationalizing LawIndividual Autonomy and the Community of ValuesThe Task of Peace TodayLimitations and the Capacities of the IndividualContingency and Individual AutonomyEnvoi: The Reflexive TriadEndnotesEssay III: Education and NatureLiving According to NatureNature as the Observable UniverseNature as the Human MilieuNature as Human NatureEnvoi: The Nature in NatureEndnotesPart Two: BeliefsEssay IV: Modernities and BeliefsSubjectivationFrom Procedural to Instrumental RationalityModern Origins of the Transformation of the SelfLockean Belief and Substantive ReasonSubstantive Reason and the Obligations of BeliefRationality and InterpretationEnvoi: Reason, Belief, and KnowledgeEndnotesEssay V: Visual Forms in Hogarth's AestheticsAnalyzing BeautyDisinterestednessAesthetic Attitude, Taste, and BeautyAppearance, Reality, and Natural ContinuaModernity's Realist Backgrounds and the AestheticEnvoi: Realism After ModernityEndnotesEssay VI: Bolzano's RealismsKant and the Subjectivisation of AestheticsBolzano and the Theory of the BeautifulElucidating Bolzano's ViewsAppraising Bolzano's AestheticsTwo Critical QuestionsEnvoi: Towards Realistic PhenomenologiesEndnotesPart Three: ValuesEssay VII: Modernities and ValuesMoral SourcesMoral FrameworksMoral IdentitiesMoral ArticulacyThe Best Account PrincipleEnvoi: Stepping BackEndnotesEssay VIII: Cultural and Religious IdentitiesCultural and Religious Questions Now?Difficulties With Talk of Identity TodayDisambiguating Talk of IdentityReformulating the QuestionsEnvoi: Fresh QuestionsEndnotesEssay IX: Personal SovereigntiesRealists and LegalistsWhat Persons AreWho Persons ArePersons as Essentially SovereignEnvoi: ContingenciesEndnotes
