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Why do students who belong to racial minority groups-particularly black students-fall short in school performance? This book provides a comprehensive and critical examination of black identity and its implications for black academic achievement and intellectualism.* Uses African American identity as the framework to understand academic achievement and to expose the biases of "deficit thinking" that presumes that under-achievement among black students is related to deficiencies in motivation, intelligence, culture, or socialization* Presents information and viewpoints informed by empirical research in a manner that is accessible to general readers and non-specialists* Uses personal anecdotes and examples from popular culture to connect with readers and better illustrate the validity of the author's strengths-based approach rather than the conventional deficit-based approach* Challenges the idea that black students are inherently anti-intellectual and do not value school as much as their non-black peers
Table of Contents
Series Foreword ix
Judy Kuriansky
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction: Personal Reflections of an xv
African American Psychologist
Elementary School---the Awakening of Racial xv
Awareness
Middle School---Ambiguous Racial Slights xvii
High School---Integrating an Academic and xviii
Racial Identity
College---Emerging Black Consciousness and xix
Academic Struggles
Graduate School---Black Identity and Academic xxii
Excellence
College Professor---Research and Teaching as xxiii
Autobiography
1 Who Am I? The Search for Black Identity 1 (18)
What's in a Name: African, African 1 (2)
American, or Black?
Defining Racial and Ethnic Identity 3 (2)
Models of Racial and Ethnic Identity 5 (5)
Ethnic Identity 10 (1)
African-Centered/Afrocentric Identity 11 (3)
Influence of Negative Images and Messages 14 (2)
on Black Identity
Black Identity and the Myth of Black 16 (3)
Anti-Intellectualism
2 Racial/Ethnic Identity and Academic 19 (16)
Achievement: Is This the Right Paradigm to
Explain the Achievement Gap?
Negative Influence of Racial and Ethnic 21 (3)
Identity
Positive Influence of Racial and Ethnic 24 (3)
Identity
Minimal or No Influence of Racial and 27 (2)
Ethnic Identity
Mixed/Conditional Influence of Racial and 29 (3)
Ethnic Identity
Analysis and Conclusions 32 (3)
3 Acting White and Oppositional Culture: 35 (20)
Missing the Forest for the Trees
Deconstructing the Acting White Thesis: 36 (5)
An Africentric Critique
Acting White: Beyond School Achievement 41 (1)
Cultural-Ecological Theory and 42 (1)
Oppositional Culture
Devaluing School or Lack of Skills? 43 (1)
Types of Oppositionality to High 44 (1)
Achievement
Acting White Revisited: 45 (6)
Mischaracterization, Misinterpretation,
or Missing the Boat?
Analysis and Conclusions 51 (4)
4 Victimhood, Separatism, and 55 (18)
Anti-Intellectualism: In Defense of Black
Culture
Cult of Victimology 55 (3)
Cult of Separatism 58 (3)
Cult of Anti-Intellectualism 61 (9)
Analysis and Conclusions 70 (3)
5 Black Students and Academic 73 (22)
Disidentification: Why Grades Do Not Tell
the Entire Story
Self-Esteem 75 (3)
Academic Self-Concept 78 (1)
Stereotype Threat 79 (3)
Academic Disidentification 82 (6)
Devaluing Academic Success 88 (1)
Discounting Academic Feedback 89 (2)
Academic Motivation 91 (1)
Analysis and Conclusions 92 (3)
6 Afrocentric Pedagogy as a Tool for 95 (18)
Motivating African American Students
Black Cultural Learning Styles: Fact or 97 (3)
Fiction?
Afro-Cultural Values: Communalism, 100 (2)
Movement, and Verve
African-Centered Education 102 (1)
Impact of Psychology of the African 103 (5)
American Experience Class
Analysis and Conclusions 108 (5)
Bibliography 113 (16)
Index 129
