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Spanning the 130-year period between the end of the Tokugawa Era and the end of the Cold War, this book introduces students to the formation, collapse, and rebirth of the modern Japanese state. It demonstrates how, faced with foreign threats, Japan developed a new governing structure to deal with these challenges and in turn gradually shaped its international environment. Had Japan been a self-sufficient power, like the United States, it is unlikely that external relations would have exercised such great control over the nation. And, if it were a smaller country, it may have been completely pressured from the outside and could not have influenced the global stage on its own. For better or worse therefore, this book argues, Japan was neither too large nor too small. Covering the major events, actors, and institutions of Japan's modern history, the key themes discussed include:Building the Meiji state and Constitution.The establishment of Parliament.The First Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars.Party Politics and International Cooperation.The Pacific War.Development of LDP politics.Changes in the international order and the end of the Cold War.This book, written by one of Japan's leading experts on Japan's political history, will be an essential resource for students of Japanese modern history and politics.
Table of Contents
Key individuals x
List of figures xi
List of tables xii
Notes on Japanese names and dates xiii
Preface to the English edition xiv
Preface xvi
About the author xx
About the translators xxi
1 The political characteristics of the Tokugawa 1 (10)
political system
Comparisons of the West and the Tokugawa Japan 1 (6)
Sixteenth-century Japan and the West 1 (2)
Western pluralism 3 (1)
The centralism of the Tokugawa political 4 (1)
system
The issue of legitimacy 5 (2)
Easy collapse, easy unification 7 (1)
Legacies of the Tokugawa Japan 7 (4)
The peace dividend 7 (1)
The samurai ethos 8 (3)
2 Responding to the West 11 (13)
Open the country or keep it closed? 11 (7)
Japanese perception of the outside world 11 (2)
Expectations placed on the shogunal 13 (4)
leadership
The issue of imperial sanction for the
treaty and the shogunal
succession 17 (1)
The unrest of the Bakumatsu 18 (6)
Outbreak of the "Revere the Emperor, Expel 18 (2)
the Barbarian" movement
The search for and collapse of a 20 (2)
shogunate-domain alliance framework
The collapse of the shogunate 22 (1)
The conditions necessary for a "low-cost" 22 (2)
revolution
3 Building the Meiji state 24 (10)
Establishing a centralized government 24 (4)
Securing wider support 24 (1)
Concentrating power 24 (2)
Establishing the foundations of power: 26 (1)
military affairs
Establishing the foundations of power: 27 (1)
finances
Creating "citizens" 28 (6)
Creating a national foundation: introducing 28 (2)
Western civilization
Mobilizing human energy 30 (4)
4 Rise of opposition 34 (12)
Establishing foreign relations and the 34 (8)
samurai revolt
The international order and modernity 34 (2)
Seikanron 36 (1)
Rise of the antigovernment groups 37 (1)
Appeasement and its limits 37 (4)
The Satsuma Rebellion 41 (1)
The freedom and people's rights movement 42 (4)
Development of the people's freedom 42 (1)
and rights movement
The 1881 Political Crisis 43 (1)
The peak and decline of the people's 44 (2)
rights movement
5 Creation of the Meiji constitutional structure 46 (11)
Enactment of the Meiji Constitution 46 (7)
The road to constitutional enactment 46 (2)
A Prussian-style constitution 48 (2)
Ancillary systems for the constitution 50 (1)
Characteristics of the Meiji Constitution 51 (2)
Two views of the emperor 53 (1)
Taking on treaty revision 53 (4)
The treaty revision issue 53 (2)
The Daido Danketsu movement 55 (2)
6 The establishment of parliament 57 (13)
Hanbatsu-party relations in the early Diet 57 (5)
sessions
The launch of parliament 57 (1)
Transcendentalism 57 (2)
Aspects of the early Diet sessions 59 (1)
The transformation of "relief for the 60 (2)
people"
Hanbatsu-party relations following the First 62 (8)
Sino-Japanese War
Postwar expansion 62 (3)
The Okuma-Itagaki Cabinet 65 (2)
The Yamagata Cabinet 67 (2)
The establishment of the Seiyukai 69 (1)
7 The First Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese 70 (11)
Wars
The First Sino-Japanese War 70 (7)
The line of sovereignty and the line of 70 (1)
interest
The Sino-Japanese confrontation over Korea 70 (3)
Achieving revision of the unequal treaties 73 (1)
The First Sino-Japanese War 74 (1)
The partition of China 75 (1)
The Open Door Note 76 (1)
The Russo-Japanese war 77 (4)
The Hundred Days Reform and the Boxer
Rebellion 77 (1)
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance 77 (2)
The Russo-Japanese War 79 (2)
8 Imperial expansion 81 (12)
The annexation of Korea 81 (2)
Japan's Manchuria policy 83 (5)
The Manchurian issue and international 83 (3)
relations
The development of dollar diplomacy and
Russo-Japanese rapprochement 86 (2)
The First World War and Japan 88 (5)
The Xinhai Revolution 88 (1)
The Twenty-One Demands and the anti-Yuan 89 (1)
policy
The Terauchi Cabinet and its China policy 90 (1)
The Siberian Intervention and the Nishihara 91 (2)
Loans
9 The development of party government 93 (13)
Hanbatsu-party relations following the 93 (7)
Russo-Japanese War
From Ito to Saionji 93 (2)
The Keien era and the hanbatsu 95 (2)
The Keien era and the parties 97 (3)
Hanbatsu party relations during the Taisho 100 (6)
period
The Taisho Political Crisis 100 (2)
Hanbatsu and parties during the First World 102 (1)
War
The failure of the triangular parties theory 103 (3)
10 International cooperation and party cabinets 106 (11)
The Hara Cabinet 106 (3)
Formation of the Hara Cabinet 106 (2)
After Hara's death 108 (1)
The Washington system 109 (5)
Creation of the Washington system 109 (4)
The collapse of the Washington system 113 (1)
The era of parry cabinets 114 (3)
11 The rise of the military 117 (14)
The Manchurian incident 117 (7)
Disarmament and the modernization of the 117 (2)
military
The rise of the Showa military factions 119 (3)
The Manchurian Incident and Japanese 122 (2)
withdrawal from the League of Nations
The February 26 incident 124 (7)
International relations after the departure 124 (2)
from the League of Nations
The Saito and Okada Cabinets 126 (2)
Factional conflict within the army 128 (3)
12 The collapse of the empire 131 (12)
The Second Sino-Japanese War 131 (6)
Formation of the Hirota Cabinet 131 (2)
From Ugaki to Konoe 133 (1)
The Second Sino-Japanese War and general 134 (1)
mobilization
A new order in East Asia 135 (2)
The Pacific War 137 (6)
The outbreak of the Second World War 137 (1)
The road to the Pacific War 138 (3)
The collapse of the empire 141 (2)
13 Defeat, occupation, and peace treaty 143 (13)
Early occupation policies 143 (10)
Defeat 143 (3)
Occupation 146 (1)
Demilitarization and democratization 147 (3)
Politics under the occupation 150 (3)
The Cold War and peace treaty 153 (3)
A shift in occupation policy 153 (1)
Toward peace treaty 154 (2)
14 The Development of the Liberal Democratic 156 (11)
Party (LDP)
High economic growth 156 (7)
The creation of the 1955 system 156 (2)
The Kishi Cabinet and the revision of the
Japan-US. Security
Treaty 158 (3)
The Ikeda and Sato Cabinets 161 (2)
LDP politics 163 (4)
The development of factions 163 (2)
The LDP and bureaucracy in policy decisions 165 (2)
15 Changes in the international order and the 167 (9)
end of the Cold War
Japanese politics in the years of turbulence 167 (6)
Changes in international relations 167 (2)
The Tanaka Cabinet and foreign relations 169 (1)
Parity in the number of conservatives and 170 (1)
reformists
The consolidation of identity as a member 171 (2)
of the West
A new international responsibility 173 (3)
16 Japan's colonies and their fates 176 (12)
Before 1945 176 (7)
Taiwan 177 (2)
Korea 179 (2)
Manchuria 181 (2)
After 1945 183 (5)
After the defeat 183 (1)
Postwar Taiwan 183 (1)
Postwar Korea 184 (2)
Postwar Japan and its former colonies 186 (2)
Bibliography 188 (19)
Chronology 207 (52)
Index 259
