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Contents
IntroductionInnovation in Contemporary Philosophy.- 1. Kant and Contemporary Philosophy.- 2. Philosophy, Science and Culture.- 3. Modern Irrationalism.- B. The Process of Differentiation in Philosophy.- C. A Look Ahead.- 1. Metaphysics and Ontology.- 2. Logic and the Theory of Knowledge.- 3. Ethics.- I / The Philosophy of Self-Evidence: Franz Brentano.- A. Mental Phenomena and Knowledge.- 1. Mental Phenomena and the Locus of Truth.- 2. The Change in the Concept of Truth.- 3. Kinds of Judgments.- 4. Consciousness and the World.- B. The Theory of Being.- 1. The Uniform Character of the Concept of Being.- 2. The Problem of Universals and the Meanings of the Word 'Being' (Seiend).- 3. The Problem of Categories.- C. The Theory of Moral Knowledge.- D. Knowledge of God.- 1. Arguments for the Existence of God.- 2. The Theodicy.- E. Evaluation.- II / Methodological Phenomenology: Edmund Husserl.- A. The Absolute Character of Truth.- 1. The Empiricist Consequences of Psychologism.- 2. Psychologism as Skeptical Relativism.- 3. The Prejudices and Preconceptions of Psychologism.- B. The Problem of Universals.- C. Intentionality, Judgment and Knowledge (The Phenomenology of Consciousness).- 1. The Sensory Level in Consciousness.- 2. The Structure of the Intentional Act.- 3. The Phenomenology of Knowledge.- 4. Sensuous and Categorial Knowledge.- D. The Phenomenological Intuiting of Essences (Die phanomenologische Wesensschau).- E. Phenomenology and Transcendental Philosophy.- F. Evaluation.- III / Applied Phenomenology: Max Scheler.- A. Gnoseology and Phenomenology.- B. The Theory of Sympathy.- C. Value and Person.- 1. The Problem of Value.- 2. The Essence of the Person.- D. Religious Philosophy and Theology.- E. Man's Place in the Stratified Structure of the World.- F. Evaluation.- IV / Existential Ontology: Martin Heidegger.- A. The Philosophy of Existence in General and its Historical Relationship to Western Thought.- B. The Ontology of Finite Dasein.- 1. The Problem of Being and Being-in-the-World.- 2. The 'They' (Das Man).- 3. State-of-Mind and Understanding.- 4. Dread and the Care-Structure of Dasein.- 5. Reality and Truth.- 6. Being-toward-Death.- 7. Conscience, Being-Guilty, and Authentic Existence.- 8. Temporality.- 9. Historicality and Repetition.- C. Evaluation.- V / The Philosophy of Existence: Karl Jaspers.- A. Philosophical World-Orientation, Illumination of Existence, and Metaphysics.- 1. World-Orientation.- 2. The Illumination of Existence.- 3. Metaphysics.- B. The Being of the Encompassing, and Truth.- 1. The Modes of the Encompassing.- 2. The Forms of Truth.- C. Evaluation.- VI / Critical Realism: Nicolai Hartmann.- A. The Metaphysics of Knowledge.- B. The Structure of Being.- 1. The Basic General Questions of Ontology.- 2. The Problem of Modalities of Being.- 3. The Problem of Principles of Being.- 4. Problems of Special Categorial Analysis (Philosophy of Nature).- C. The Philosophy of Spirit.- D. The Philosophy of Value.- 1. Ethics.- 2. Aesthetics.- E. Evaluation.- VII / Modern Empiricism: Rudolf Carnap and the Vienna Circle.- A. Reasons for the Rise of Modern Empiricism.- B. Immanence Positivism (Mach, Avenarius) and the Epistemology of Moritz Schlick.- C. Definitions and Explications of Concepts.- 1. Nominal Definitions, Definitions in Use and the Elimination of Ideal Objects.- 2. The Elucidation and Explication of Concepts.- 3. The Axiomatic Method and Implicit Definitions. Proper and Improper Concepts. Coordinating Definitions.- D. Statements and the Meaning of Statements.- 1. First Formulation of the Empiricist's Criterion of Meaning.- 2. The Meaninglessness of Metaphysics.- E. The Structure of Empirical Knowledge.- 1. The System of Construction (Constitution) of Empirical Concepts: Carnap's Logischer Aufbau der Welt.- 2. Physicalism and the Unity of Science: the Theories of Carnap and Neurath.- 3. Popper's Falsification Theory.- 4. The Confirmability and Testability of Empirical Sentences. Carnap's New Version of the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning.- F. Semantics and Logical Syntax.- 1. Logic, the Theory of Science, and Language Construction.- 2. The Basic Concepts of Semantics.- 3. L-Semantics.- 4. Formal Systems and their Interpretation.- G. Evaluation.- VIII / Foundational Studies and Contemporary Analytic Philosophy.- A. Research in the Foundations of Logic and Mathematics.- 1. Mathematical Logic.- 2. The Foundations of Mathematics - Logicism, Intuitionism, and Proof Theory.- B. The Theory of Empirical Scientific Knowledge.- 1. The Basis Problem (Schlick, Neurath, Popper, Pap, Carnap).- 2. The Logical Analysis of the Concept of Scientific Explanation (the Theory of Hempel and Oppenheim).- 3. The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts (Carnap's Theory).- 4. Inductive Logic and Probability (Carnap's Theory).- 5. The Problem of Natural Laws (Nelson Goodman's Theory).- C. Problems of Reality.- 1. The Problem of Being and the Problem of Universals (the Theories of W.V. Quine).- 2. Inquiries into the Structure of the World of Appearance (Goodman's Theory).- 3. The Mind-Body Problem (the Theory of Herbert Feigl).- D. Ethics.- 1. C. D. Broad's Classification of Ethical Problems.- 2. Emotivist or Non-Cognitivist Ethical Theories (the Theories of Charles L. Stevenson and Richard M. Hare).- IX / Ludwig Wittgenstein.- A. Philosophy I.- 1. The Ontological Framework.- 2. The Isomorphism Theory of Sentence Meaning and of Knowledge.- 3. The Sense of Compound Sentences.- 4. Transcendental Philosophical Outlook.- B. Philosophy II.- 1. The Abandonment of the Presuppositions of the T-Philosophy.- 2. Word Meaning, Word Use, and Language Games.- a. Critique of the Theory of Word Meanings.- b. Sentence Radical and Sentence Mood.- c. Word Use and Language Games.- 3. Philosophical Riddles, the Philosophy of Essence, False Pictures, and Being Misled by Language.- 4. Language and Mind.- 5. Inner Experience and Other Minds.- 6. The Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.
