Full Description
"Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's the stuff life is made oj': Benjamin Franklin This book describes the technical principles and applications of echo-planar imaging (EPI) which, as much as any other technique, has shaped the develop ment of modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The principle of EPI, namely, the acquisition of multiple nuclear magnetic resonance echoes from a single spin excitation, has made it possible to shorten the previously time-con suming MRI data acquisition from minutes to much less than a second. Interest ingly, EPI is one of the oldest MRI techniques, conceived in 1976 by Sir Peter Mansfield only 4 years after the initial description of the principles of MRI. One of the inventors of MRI himself, Mansfield realized that fast data acquisition would be paramount in bringing medical applications of MRI to full fruition. The technological challenges in implementing EPI, however, were formidable. Until the end of the 1980s few people believed that EPI would be clinically useful, since its complexity was far greater than that of "conventional" MRI methods.
Contents
1. The Historical Development of Echo-Planar Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 2. Theory of Echo-Planar Imaging.- 3. Echo-Planar Imaging Hardware.- 4. Echo-Planar Imaging Pulse Sequences.- 5. Echo-Planar Image Reconstruction.- 6. Echo-Planar Imaging Image Artifacts.- 7. Physiological Side Effects of Fast Gradient Switching.- 8. Echo-Planar Imaging Angiography.- 9. Diffusion Imaging with Echo-Planar Imaging.- 10. Echo-Planar Imaging of the Abdomen.- 11. Abdominal Diffusion Imaging Using Echo-Planar Imaging.- 12. Echo-Planar Imaging of the Heart.- 13. Perfusion Imaging with Echo-Planar Imaging.- 14. Clinical Applications of Neuroimaging Using Echo-Planar Imaging.- 15. Echo-Planar Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Brain Activation.- 16. Research Issues Using Echo-Planar Imaging for Functional Brain Imaging.- 17. Echo-Planar Imaging on Small-Bore Systems.- 18. Echo-Planar Imaging-Hybrids: Single Shot RARE.- 19. Echo-Planar Imaging-Hybrids: Turbo Spin-Echo Imaging.- 20. Echo-Planar Imaging-Hybrids: Gradient and Spin-Echo (GRASE) Imaging.- 21. Spiral Echo-Planar Imaging.
