Full Description
Materialscanbedividedintometalsandnonmetals.Thecharacteristicfeature ofmetalslikecopperandaluminumisahighelectricalandthermalconduct- ity, while nonmetals such as phosphor and sulfur are insulators. The electrical 6 ?1 ?1 conductivity varies over many orders of magnitude, from 10 ? m for ?20 ?1 ?1 typical metals down to 10 ? m for almost ideal insulators. However, a sharp separation between metals and insulators is in general not possible. For instance, semiconducting materials such as silicon and germanium ?ll the conductivity domain between metals and insulators. Their electrical cond- tivity is dependent on temperature and,in addition, canbe variedstronglyby doping the material with donor or acceptor atoms. A famous example is the sharp insulator-to-metal transition measured in Si:P at temperatures below 18 ?3 0.1K and donor concentrations of about 3.8x10 cm phosphor atoms [1]. Furthermore, materials may exist in both states: carbon is metallic as graphite and insulating as diamond. A fascinating quantum e?ect is observed at low temperatures: some materials even loose their electrical resistivity and becomesuperconductors.Therefore,thequestionsWhatisametal?andWhen does a metal transform into a nonmetal?
are of fundamental interest and - lated to many aspects of modern physics and chemistry. We refer the int- ested reader to the very nice introduction into this diverse topic given by Edwards [2].
Contents
Luttinger, Peierls or Mott? Quantum Phase Transitions in Strongly Correlated 1D Electron#x2013;Phonon Systems.- The Metal#x2013;Nonmetal Transition in Fluid Mercury: Landau#x2013;Zeldovich Revisited.- The Influence of Pauli Blocking Effects on the Mott Transition in Dense Hydrogen.- Metal#x2013;Insulator Transition in Dense Hydrogen.- Resolving the Ion and Electron Dynamics in Finite Systems Exposed to Intense Optical Laser Fields.- Mott Effect in Nuclear Matter.- BEC#x2013;BCS Crossover in Strongly Interacting Matter.
