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Full Description
This book provides an overview of the effigy mound phenomenon of the Upper Midwest of North America, centered on southern Wisconsin. Between c. AD 700 and 1100, Late Woodland people of the Upper Midwest used the topography and other natural features to create vast ceremonial landscapes consisting of thousands of earthen mounds sculpted into animals and animal spirits (bears, birds, panthers, snakes, etc.) that mirrored their belief and clan-based social structure and served an important role in mortuary ritual. In so doing, the Late Woodland people created quite visible three-dimensional maps of ancient cosmology and social structures that are similar to the beliefs and social systems of more recent Native people. The effigy landscapes of this region are unique. The authors document the nature of the effigy mound landscapes, describing the use of topography and natural features to create them, and provide the interpretation that these were living landscapes in which ancestral animals and the supernatural were ritually brought back to life in a continuous cycle of death and rebirth of the earth and its people.
Subsistence patterns, artifacts, settlement systems, and changes in these through the effigy building era are examined and effigy mound societies are compared and contrasted with preceding and succeeding societies, as well as contemporaneous societies in adjacent regions. Examples are drawn from throughout the effigy mound region. The book is profusely illustrated with high quality historical and modern maps, photographs of effigy mounds including aerials, and LiDAR imagery providing three-dimensional images.
Contents
Chapter 1. The effigy mounds of the Upper Midwest
The effigy mound region
Late Woodland effigy mound tradition
Effigy mound construction
Mound arrangements and distribution
Celestial orientations
Native American traditions
The rise and demise of the effigy mound tradition
Reconstructing effigy mound landscapes
Chapter 2. The history of effigy mound research
Early descriptions and speculations
Mound excavation
Placing ancient cultures in time
Camps, villages, and rock shelters
A new nationwide preservation movement
An ideological approach to the effigy mounds
New research
Chapter 3. Cosmology, geography and the underlying structure of effigy mound landscapes
Roots of effigy mounds ceremonialism
Mounds forms
Enclosures
Effigy mound groupings and landscapes
Summary
Chapter 4. The evolution of effigy mound landscapes
The first people
The Archaic tradition
The Woodland tradition
Chapter 5. The Four Lakes: a key example of an effigy mound landscape
A tour of the Four Lakes ceremonial landscape
Appendix: Effigy Mounds and Effigy Mound Groups that can be viewed by the public
Bibliography
