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In 1778, George Washington, Philip Schuyler, army officers, and New York officials began planning invasions against Iroquoia, the homeland of the Haudenosaunee and several other allied Indigenous nations. This invasion was one of the largest American offensives of the Revolutionary War, curated to punish the Haudenosaunee for raids against frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania. However, the resulting 1779 campaigns of Goose Van Schaick, Daniel Brodhead, and Generals John Sullivan and James Clinton were not simple retaliation. Clearing Iroquoia: New York's Land Grab in the 1779 Campaigns of the American Revolution by Travis M. Bowman and Matthew A. Zembo critically examines archival materials from these campaigns to investigate the driving force behind the campaigns: removal. Through their research, Bowman and Zembo explore how colonial leaders ignored peace efforts and how George Washington ordered his officers to do the same - prioritizing the destruction of Iroquoia and placing native peoples at the lower end of a racial hierarchy to justify their actions. Using letters, journals, speeches, and reports, this book brings the buried truths to light, exploring these series of coordinated attacks that were designed to destroy Haudenosaunee political cohesion, clear the Indigenous population from the land, and replace it with a non-Indigenous one.
Contents
Foreword by Michael Galban
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Clearing the Land
Chapter 1: The Haudenosaunee and Colonizing New York
Chapter 2: Dunmore's War: 1774
Chapter 3: The Haudenosaunee and the New Nation
Chapter 4: Picking Sides: Phillip Schuyler and the Failed Effort at Neutrality
Chapter 5: The Cherokee War: War of Extirpation
Chapter 6: Schuyler's Ultimatum: Declaring Enemies
Chapter 7: War Comes to the Valley, Again: 1778
Chapter 8: Retaliation and Escalation on the Frontier
Chapter 9: The New York Elite: Land and Bread
Chapter 10: Laying the Plans
Chapter 11: Schuyler Strikes First: The Destruction of Onondaga
Chapter 12: Iroquoia Invaded
Chapter 13: Coveting the Land While Destroying its Bounty
Chapter 14: Winter at Niagara: Starving in the Snow
Chapter 15: Suing for Peace
Chapter 16: Redrawing the Map of New York
Chapter 17: Selling out the Haudenosaunee
Chapter 18: Surviving the Destruction: The Smaller Kettle and Canoe
Chapter 19: On Extirpation
Epilogue
Appendix: Sexual Violence
Bibliography
About the Authors
