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Full Description
Interdisciplinary in his scope, Andy Baker adeptly uses a threefold framework of the West, the South, and the Natural World to systematically break down the factors contributing to underdevelopment-from the legacies of colonialism and deficient domestic institutions, to the effects of globalization and the impact of geography and environmental degradation. Students learn to think like social scientists while coming to understand the interplay of influences on a nation's political, economic, and social development. Country case studies at the end of each chapter offer an ideal testing ground for applying the threefold framework, testing explanations with empirical data. Critical thinking questions then encourage students to weigh different theoretical arguments. A series of well-designed features develop students' understanding of economic indicators as well as highlight the ways development work is done in the field. Shaping the Developing World presents high-quality academic analysis and the latest scholarship in a format that's engaging, informative, and above all, accessible.
Contents
PART I1. Underdevelopment and Diversity in the Global SouthDefining the Developing WorldNaming the Developing WorldDelineating the Developing WorldEconomic, Social, and Political CharacteristicsEconomic CharacteristicsSocial CharacteristicsPolitical CharacteristicsA Brief History of Economic DevelopmentThe Pre-Industrial ErasThe Industrial RevolutionModern Economic Growth in the Developing WorldGoals and Organization: Who or What Causes Global Poverty?Causes of Underdevelopment: A FrameworkOrganization of the BookCase Study: Why Is the Democratic Republic of Congo the Poorest Country on Earth?The South: Kleptocracy and Cultural FragmentationThe West: Stolen Aid, Colonial Abuses, and SlaveryThe Natural World: Geography and the Resource CurseThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources2. Human Development and UnderdevelopmentDefining Human DevelopmentThe Human Development ApproachThe Complex Relationship between Economic and Human DevelopmentHealth Snapshot: Description and Causes of the Developing World's ShortcomingsKey Health Indicators: Life Expectancy and Child MortalityThe Immediate Cause of Poor Health OutcomesHealth Trends: Tracking Improvements in LDCs through TimeLonger LivesCauses of Convergence: The Declining Cost of Good HealthEducation Snapshot: The Nature and Causes of the Developing World's DeficitKey Education Indicators: Attainment and AchievementThe Immediate Causes of Poor Educational OutcomesEducation Trends: Tracking Improvements in LDCs through TimeHigher Enrollments and Better QualityCauses of Convergence: Better Government and Parental CommitmentCase Study: What Are India's Failures and Successes in Human Development?Health and Education ChallengesHealth and Education SuccessesThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources3. The Benefits and Costs of Economic DevelopmentThe Cultural Costs of DevelopmentThe Cost: The Westernization and Homogenization of CulturesThe Cost: Deteriorations in Social Connectedness and Personal CharacterThe Response: Prosperity as a Universal DesireThe Response: Minimal or Beneficial Cultural ChangeThe Equity Costs of DevelopmentThe Cost: Deepening Global InequalityThe Cost: Deepening Domestic InequalitiesThe Response: The Complicated Relationship between Development and InequalityThe Environmental Costs of DevelopmentThe Cost: Environmental DegradationThe Response: The Benefits of Development for the EnvironmentThe Psychological Costs of DevelopmentThe Cost: Insecurity, Alienation, and UnhappinessThe Response: Revisiting the Ethics and Evidence on HappinessCase Study: Has Economic Growth Brought Happiness to China?The GainsThe CostsThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb ResourcesPART II: THE WEST: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXTS4. Slavery and ColonialismThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Triangular TradeFeatures of the Trade in AfricaFeatures of the Trade in Latin AmericaCauses of Underdevelopment: The Long-Term Damage of SlaveryConsequences for AfricaConsequences for Latin America and the CaribbeanCritique: Questioning the Magnitude of Slavery's EffectsWestern ColonialismThe Importance of the Western Colonial Era for the Contemporary SouthA Brief History of the Colonial EraCauses of Underdevelopment: Western Colonialism's ConsequencesThe Colonial DrainColonialism's Institutional LegacyColonialism's Cultural LegacyCritique of Colonial Legacy ArgumentsCase Study: Do Slavery and Colonialism Explain Nigeria's Development Failure?The West: Slavery and Colonialism's ConsequencesThe South: Domestic Problems in Independent NigeriaThe Natural World: The Burden of Geography and the Paradox of Oil WealthThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources5. Globalization and NeocolonialismFrom the First Global Century to Import SubstitutionThe First Global CenturyThe ISI PhaseExport PromotionCauses of Underdevelopment: Dependency and Other Early Theories of Global ExploitationLatin American StructuralismDependency TheoryWorld Systems TheoryFalling Behind in the First Global CenturyCritiques of Structuralism, Dependency Theory, and WSTReintegrating the GlobeTrade LiberalizationCapital Market LiberalizationChanging Migration FlowsRemaining BarriersCauses of Underdevelopment: Newer Concerns about GlobalizationDeindustrializationSweatshops and the Race to the BottomVolatile Capital FlowsForeign DebtBrain DrainCritique: Defending GlobalizationThe Benefits of Free TradeLabor Exploitation or Enrichment?The Nature of Foreign DebtBrain GainCase Study: Is Neocolonialism Why Brazil Is Always the "Country of the Future"?The West: Failures of OpennessThe South: Shortcomings of Domestic InstitutionsThe Natural World: The Illusion of AbundanceThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources6. Foreign Aid and the Bretton Woods InstitutionsForeign AidUnderstanding Key Concepts and Players in the Aid RegimeA Brief History of Foreign AidCauses of Underdevelopment: The Case for Aid SkepticismDonor MotivesDonor Paternalism and Lack of AccountabilityDonor Fragmentation and Aid VolatilityRecipient Absorptive Capacity and GovernanceRecipient Economic ProblemsDefending Foreign Aid and Its RecordTheoretical DefensesForeign Aid's Many SuccessesThe Aid TrickleLearning from Past MistakesThe Bretton Woods Institutions: The IMF and World BankA Brief History of the IMF and World BankCauses of Underdevelopment: Imposing Market FundamentalismFoisting Capitalism on the Developing WorldOther CriticismsCritique: Defending the Bretton Woods InstitutionsLoans and Conditionalities as a ChoiceThe Ethics of ConditionalitiesThe Case for Market PoliciesCase Study: Has Foreign Aid Made Pakistan Poorer?The West: The Failures of Aid and the IMFThe South: The Worst of Continuity and ChangeThe Natural World: The Paradox of Flooding amidst DrynessThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb ResourcesPART III: THE SOUTH: DOMESTIC FACTORS7. Culture and IdentityUnderstanding Culture and Social IdentitySocial IdentityOther Cultural TraitsCauses of Underdevelopment: The Culturalist SchoolMax Weber and the Protestant EthicModernization TheorySocial Capital and TrustReligion and Natural CultureCritique of Culturalist ClaimsCulture as Consequence, Not CauseMischaracterizing Culture in LDCsMixed EvidenceCultural RelativismCauses of Underdevelopment: The Costs of Cultural DiversityUnderprovision of Public Goods and Fragmented MarketsPoor Governance and ConflictStereotype ThreatCritique: Diversity as Consequence, Not CauseCase Study: Are Iraqis Poor Because of Islam and Its Ethnic Cleavages?The South: Islam and Sectarian DivisionsThe West: The British Mandate and War with the United StatesThe Natural World: Oil and SandThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources8. States, Markets, and Development ModelsState-Led DevelopmentState-Led Development in ThoughtState-Led Development in PracticeCauses of Underdevelopment: Failures of the State-Led ModelCritique: Successes of State-Led DevelopmentSocialismMarxist ThoughtSocialism in PracticeCauses of Underdevelopment: Failures of SocialismCritique: Socialism's SuccessesThe Market-Oriented StrategyNeoclassical Economic ThoughtThe Market-Oriented Strategy in PracticeCauses of Underdevelopment: Shortcomings of the Market-Oriented StrategyDisappointing ResultsState CapitalismCritique: Successes of the Washington ConsensusSuccess StoriesDebating State CapitalismCase Study: Did India's Postcolonial Development Model Delay Its Economic Rise?The South: India's State-Led Development ModelThe West: Exploiting the "Jewel in the British Crown"The Natural World: Topography and Transport CostsThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources9. Economic Institutions and InformalityProperty Markets and Informal OwnershipUrban Slums and Rural LandCauses of Property InformalityCauses of Underdevelopment: Informal Property MarketsNew Institutional Economics and Property RightsDead CapitalCritique: Is Formality Worth It?Informal Work, Firms, and FinanceLabor and Business InformalityFinancial ServicesCauses of Underdevelopment: Challenges of Informal Firms and FinanceThe Drawbacks of Informal WorkShortcomings of Informal FinanceCritique: Formalization as a False SolutionCase Study: Does Informality Explain Peru's Delayed Development?The South: Informal Economic ActivityThe West: Spanish Colonialism and British NeocolonialismThe Natural World: Pizarro Wins the LotteryThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources10. Political Institutions and GovernancePolitical RegimesDemocracyAuthoritarianismHybrid RegimesPolitical Instability and Regime ChangeThe Relationship between Political Regimes and ProsperityDemocracy's Third WaveThe Judiciary and the BureaucracyRule of LawCorruptionState CapacityJudicial and Bureaucratic Quality around the WorldCauses of Underdevelopment: Bad Political InstitutionsExtractive InstitutionsInclusive Institutions as the SolutionCritique of NIEEconomic Development FirstThe Authoritarian AdvantageMixed EvidenceCase Study: Does China's Authoritarianism Explain Why It Is Poorer Than the West?The South: Serial AuthoritarianismThe West: A Century of HumiliationThe Natural World: Inhospitable TerrainThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources11. Violence and State FailurePolitical and Criminal ViolencePolitical ViolenceCriminal ViolenceState FailureCauses of Underdevelopment: The Costs of Violence and State Failure The Costs of Armed ConflictThe Price of Criminal ViolenceCritique: Reconsidering the Costs of ViolenceCase Study: Is Somalia Poor because of Civil War?The South: Civil War in the World's Least Governed StateThe West: The Legacy of Foreign InterventionThe Natural World: Climate and NomadismThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources12. Gender InequalityFemale EmpowermentThe Gender Earnings GapThe Gender Gap in EducationThe Gender Gap in Political EmpowermentCauses of Underdevelopment: Disempowered Women and GirlsCritiques of the Instrumentalist ViewFemale Health, Physical Security, and FertilityExcess Female Mortality and Missing WomenGender-Based ViolenceReproduction and FertilityCauses of Underdevelopment: High FertilityCritique: Doubting the Costs of High FertilityCase: Is Afghanistan's Treatment of Women the Cause of Its Poverty?The South: Mistreatment of Women and GirlsThe West: Legacy of a Global PawnThe Natural World: Dry, Mountainous, and LandlockedThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb ResourcesPART IV: THE NATURAL WORLD: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY13. Geography and Economic ProsperityGeographic Commonalities of the Developing WorldThe TropicsOther CommonalitiesCauses of Underdevelopment: Physical Geography and ClimateThe Tropical DisadvantageGuns, Germs, and SteelNatural Barriers to Economic ExchangeCritique of Geographical DeterminismCritique of Jeffrey SachsCritique of Jared DiamondOvercoming DistanceThe Resource CurseCauses of Underdevelopment: Natural ResourcesDutch Disease and a Lack of IndustryEffects on PoliticsCritique: A Resource Blessing?Case Study: Is Geography Destiny in Mexico?The Natural World: Mexico's Geographical DisadvantagesThe West: Colonial and Postcolonial ExploitationThe South: Instability and AutocracyThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingWeb Resources14. Environmental Change and DevelopmentCommunal Environmental ProblemsDegradation of Natural CapitalWhy Community Environmental Problems Are Worse in LDCsCauses of Underdevelopment: A Malthusian TrapCritique: Recent History versus Neo-MalthusianismClimate Change and DevelopmentCauses of Underdevelopment: The Economic Burden of Climate ChangeCauses of Underdevelopment: The Economic Burden of Climate ChangeCase Study: Will Malthusian Traps End Indonesia's Rise?The Natural World: Indonesia's Malthusian Crisis?The South: Poor Government and Female DisempowermentThe West: Pathologies of GlobalizationThinking Critically about DevelopmentKey TermsSuggested ReadingsWeb Resources
