Full Description
This atlas is a comprehensive compendium of congeni and two-dimensional echocardiographic examples. The tal cardiac morphology as depicted by tomographic two examples and experience span all ages and may be used dimensional echocardiography. Anatomic specimens by both pediatric and adult cardiologists. The intended cut in planes of section corresponding to the echocar emphasis is on tomographic morphology and not on diographic views help in the understanding of the echo specialty applications such as fetal, contrast, or Dop cardiographic sections. Composite photographs relate pler echocardiography. different planes of section or cardiac events. Still-frame The tomographic approach to congenital anomalies is photography cannot always adequately relate real-time the imaging modality of the 80s and is applicable to echocardiography, computerized tomography, and imaging events. However, the emphasis of this text is to demonstrate the tomographic morphology and no at magnetic resonance imaging. It is the building block tempt is made to discuss in detail functional or physio from which the expected three-dimensional imaging logic events. techniques of the 1990s will be developed. The wide spread clinical application of these imaging modalities Those performing two-dimensional echocardiography should have a working knowledge of cardiac anatomy has rekindled interest in cardiac anatomy and pathol and common congenital aberrations. This is an in-depth ogy, particularly in the evaluation of patients with con tomographic atlas not only of the common congenital genital heart disease.
Contents
1. Introduction to Tomographic Anatomy.- Cardiac and Abdominal Situs and Cardiac Apex: Definitions and Ultrasonic Determinations.- Definitions.- Index of Figures.- Addendum.- Tomographic Dissection of Cardiac Specimens—Photography of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms Contrast Echocardiography—Doppler Echocardiography.- Orientation to Tomographic Anatomy.- Imaging Cardiovascular Anatomy: A Systematic Tomographic Echocardiographic Approach.- Beginning the Examination Step-by-Step Why Apex Down?.- Pitfalls: Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Anatomic Correlation Variations in "Standard" Image Orientation—Pitfalls of "Perceived Anatomy"—Solution to the Pitfalls Problem.- References.- 2. Extracardiac Anatomy.- Index of Figures.- Abdomen.- Inferior Vena Cava and Tributaries.- Abdominal Aorta and Branches.- Liver and Gallbladder/Hepatic Cysts.- Spleen.- Stomach.- Kidneys.- Urinary Bladder.- Thorax.- Superior Vena Cava and Tributaries.- Thoracic Aorta.- Pulmonary Artery.- Pulmonary Veins.- Thymus Gland.- Coronary Arteries and Veins.- Pericardium.- References.- 3. Atria.- Index of Figures.- Right and Left Atria.- Venous Connections.- Atrial Appendages.- Eustachian Valve.- Atrial Septum.- Normal Anatomy.- Atrial Septal Defects M-mode Echo—Secundum ASD—Primum ASD— Sinus Venosus ASD—Coronary Sinus ASD—Common Atrium.- Postoperative ASD.- Lesions Commonly Associated with ASD.- Atrial Septal Aneurysm.- Membranes Within the Atria Pulmonary Venous Membrane—Supravalvular Mitral Ring—Cor Triatriatum—Eustachian Valve—Cor Triatriatum Dexter.- Juxtapositioned Atrial Appendages.- References.- 4. Atrioventricular Valves.- Index of Figures.- Morphology.- AV Valve Connections.- Malalignment Connection Override—Straddling—Criss-Cross.- Univentricular ConnectionDouble Inlet—Single Inlet—Common Inlet.- AV Valve Lesions.- Prolapse.- Accessory Tissue.- Isolated Mitral Cleft.- Congenital Stenosis.- Atrioventricular Canal.- General Features.- Partial AV Canal.- Complete AV Canal.- Transitional AV Canal.- Ebstein's Anomaly.- Cardiac Specimens.- Spectrum.- Uhl's Anomaly.- AV Valve Support Apparatus.- Papillary Muscles.- References.- 5. Ventricles.- Index of Figures.- Ventricular Morphology.- Ventricular Relationships Inverted—Criss-Cross—Superoinferior—Univentricular Heart (see Chapter 4).- Hypoplastic Ventricle.- Accessory Ventricular Chamber.- Addendum: Cardiomyopathics, Cardiac Tumors, Secondary Myocardial Diseases.- Dilated Cardiomyopathy.- Hypertrophic.- Restrictive.- Spongy Myocardium.- Cardiac Tumors of the Young.- Secondary Muscle Hypertrophy.- References.- 6. Ventricular Septum.- Index of Figures.- Anatomy of Ventricular Septum.- Ventricular Septal Defects.- Types of VSD.- Membranous VSD.- Outflow VSD.- Inflow VSD.- Muscular VSD.- Restrictive VSD.- References.- 7. Semilunar Valves/Great Arteries.- Index of Figures.- Morphology of Semilunar Valves.- Aortic Valve.- Pulmonary Valve.- Pathology.- Subvalvular Sub-Aortic Stenosis—Sub-Pulmonary Stenosis.- Valvular Aortic Stenosis—Pulmonary Stenosis.- Supravalvular Aortic Root/Sinuses—Pulmonary Root—Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis—Supravalvular Pulmonary Stenosis.- Aortopulmonary Communication Ductus Arteriosus—Aortopulmonary Window—Anomalous Origin of Pulmonary Artery from Aorta—Aortopulmonary collaterals.- Aortic Tunnel.- Aortic Coarctation.- Interrupted Aortic Arch.- Great Artery Origin/Malalignment Double Outlet Right Ventricle—Double Outlet Left Ventricle—Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries—Corrected Transposition of the GreatArteries—Aortic Override—Truncus Arteriosus.- References.- 8. Postoperative Anatomy.- Index of Figures.- Shunts.- Myectomy.- Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defect (Patch).- Repair/Palliation of Transposition Mustard/Senning Procedure—Rastelli Procedure— Damus-Kaye-Stansel Procedure—Switch Operation.- Atrial Septostomy.- Banding of Pulmonary Artery.- Repair/Palliation of Single Ventricle Glenn Anastomosis—Septation of Ventricle—Fontan Procedure.- Conduit.- Valvular Prosthesis.- Postoperative/Intraoperative Contrast Echo.- Valve Incompetence.- Postoperative Complications.- References.
