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Full Description
Fundamentals of Physics, 12th Edition guides students through the process of learning how to effectively read scientific material, identify fundamental concepts, reason through scientific questions, and solve quantitative problems.
The 12th edition includes a renewed focus on several contemporary areas of research to help challenge students to recognize how scientific and engineering applications are fundamental to the world's clockwork.
A wide array of tools will support students' active learning as they work through and engage in this course. Fundamentals of Physics, 12e is built to be a learning center with practice opportunities, interactive challenges, activities, simulations, and videos. Practice and assessment questions are available with immediate feedback and detailed solutions, to ensure that students understand the problem-solving processes behind key concepts and understand their mistakes while working through problems.
Contents
1 Measurement 1
1.1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1
1.2 Time 5
1.3 Mass 6
2 Motion Along a Straight Line 13
2.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 13
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18
2.3 Acceleration 20
2.4 Constant Acceleration 23
2.5 Free-Fall Acceleration 28
2.6 Graphical Integration In Motion Analysis 30
3 Vectors 44
3.1 Vectors and Their Components 44
3.2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 50
3.3 Multiplying Vectors 52
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 67
4.1 Position and Displacement 67
4.2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 70
4.3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 73
4.4 Projectile Motion 75
4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 82
4.6 Relative Motion In One Dimension 84
4.7 Relative Motion In Two Dimensions 86
5 Force and Motion—I 101
5.1 Newton's First and Second Laws 101
5.2 Some Particular Forces 109
5.3 Applying Newton's Laws 113
6 Force and Motion—II 132
6.1 Friction 132
6.2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 138
6.3 Uniform Circular Motion 140
7 Kinetic Energy and Work 156
7.1 Kinetic Energy 156
7.2 Work and Kinetic Energy 158
7.3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 163
7.4 Work Done By A Spring Force 167
7.5 Work Done By A General Variable Force 170
7.6 Power 174
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 186
8.1 Potential Energy 186
8.2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 193
8.3 Reading A Potential Energy Curve 196
8.4 Work Done On A System By An External Force 201
8.5 Conservation of Energy 205
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 225
9.1 Center of Mass 225
9.2 Newton's Second Law For A System of Particles 229
9.3 Linear Momentum 234
9.4 Collision and Impulse 236
9.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 240
9.6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy In Collisions 243
9.7 Elastic Collisions In One Dimension 247
9.8 Collisions In Two Dimensions 251
9.9 Systems With Varying Mass: A Rocket 252
10 Rotation 270
10.1 Rotational Variables 270
10.2 Rotation With Constant Angular Acceleration 279
10.3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 281
10.4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 285
10.5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 286
10.6 Torque 291
10.7 Newton's Second Law For Rotation 292
10.8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 296
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 310
11.1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 310
11.2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 313
11.3 The Yo-Yo 316
11.4 Torque Revisited 317
11.5 Angular Momentum 320
11.6 Newton's Second Law In Angular Form 322
11.7 Angular Momentum of A Rigid Body 325
11.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 328
11.9 Precession of A Gyroscope 333
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 344
12.1 Equilibrium 344
12.2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 349
12.3 Elasticity 355
13 Gravitation 372
13.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 372
13.2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 375
13.3 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface 377
13.4 Gravitation Inside Earth 381
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 383
13.6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws 387
13.7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 390
13.8 Einstein and Gravitation 393
14 Fluids 406
14.1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 406
14.2 Fluids At Rest 409
14.3 Measuring Pressure 412
14.4 Pascal's Principle 413
14.5 Archimedes' Principle 415
14.6 The Equation of Continuity 419
14.7 Bernoulli's Equation 423
15 Oscillations 436
15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 436
15.2 Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion 444
15.3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 446
15.4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 448
15.5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 453
15.6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 456
16 Waves—I 468
16.1 Transverse Waves 468
16.2 Wave Speed On A Stretched String 476
16.3 Energy and Power of A Wave Traveling Along A String 478
16.4 The Wave Equation 480
16.5 Interference of Waves 482
16.6 Phasors 487
16.7 Standing Waves and Resonance 490
17 Waves—II 505
17.1 Speed of Sound 505
17.2 Traveling Sound Waves 508
17.3 Interference 511
17.4 Intensity and Sound Level 515
17.5 Sources of Musical Sound 518
17.6 Beats 522
17.7 The Doppler Effect 524
17.8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 529
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 541
18.1 Temperature 541
18.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 545
18.3 Thermal Expansion 547
18.4 Absorption of Heat 550
18.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 556
18.6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 562
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 578
19.1 Avogadro's Number 578
19.2 Ideal Gases 579
19.3 Pressure, Temperature, and Rms Speed 583
19.4 Translational Kinetic Energy 586
19.5 Mean Free Path 587
19.6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 589
19.7 The Molar Specific Heats of An Ideal Gas 593
19.8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 597
19.9 The Adiabatic Expansion of An Ideal Gas 600
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 613
20.1 Entropy 613
20.2 Entropy In The Real World: Engines 620
20.3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 626
20.4 A Statistical View of Entropy 629
21 Coulomb's Law 641
21.1 Coulomb's Law 641
21.2 Charge is Quantized 652
21.3 Charge is Conserved 654
22 Electric Fields 665
22.1 The Electric Field 665
22.2 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Particle 668
22.3 The Electric Field Due To A Dipole 670
22.4 The Electric Field Due To A Line of Charge 673
22.5 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Disk 679
22.6 A Point Charge In An Electric Field 680
22.7 A Dipole In An Electric Field 683
23 Gauss' Law 696
23.1 Electric Flux 696
23.2 Gauss' Law 701
23.3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 705
23.4 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 708
23.5 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry 710
23.6 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry 713
24 Electric Potential 724
24.1 Electric Potential 724
24.2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 729
24.3 Potential Due To A Charged Particle 733
24.4 Potential Due To An Electric Dipole 736
24.5 Potential Due To A Continuous Charge Distribution 738
24.6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 741
24.7 Electric Potential Energy of A System of Charged Particles 743
24.8 Potential of A Charged Isolated Conductor 746
25 Capacitance 759
25.1 Capacitance 759
25.2 Calculating The Capacitance 761
25.3 Capacitors In Parallel and In Series 765
25.4 Energy Stored In An Electric Field 770
25.5 Capacitor With A Dielectric 774
25.6 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law 778
26 Current and Resistance 789
26.1 Electric Current 789
26.2 Current Density 792
26.3 Resistance and Resistivity 796
26.4 Ohm's Law 801
26.5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 805
27 Circuits 816
27.1 Single-Loop Circuits 816
27.2 Multiloop Circuits 826
27.3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 833
27.4 Rc Circuits 833
28 Magnetic Fields 850
28.1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of 850
28.2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 855
28.3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 857
28.4 A Circulating Charged Particle 861
28.5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 866
28.6 Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Wire 869
28.7 Torque On A Current Loop 872
28.8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 874
29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 886
29.1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 886
29.2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 892
29.3 Ampere's Law 894
29.4 Solenoids and Toroids 899
29.5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 901
30 Induction and Inductance 915
30.1 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 915
30.2 Induction and Energy Transfers 923
30.3 Induced Electric Fields 927
30.4 Inductors and Inductance 932
30.5 Self-Induction 934
30.6 Rl Circuits 935
30.7 Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 940
30.8 Energy Density of A Magnetic Field 942
30.9 Mutual Induction 943
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 956
31.1 LC Oscillations 956
31.2 Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 963
31.3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 966
31.4 The Series Rlc Circuit 974
31.5 Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 982
31.6 Transformers 985
32 Maxwell's Equations; Magnetism of Matter 998
32.1 Gauss' Law For Magnetic Fields 998
32.2 Induced Magnetic Fields 1000
32.3 Displacement Current 1003
32.4 Magnets 1007
32.5 Magnetism and Electrons 1009
32.6 Diamagnetism 1015
32.7 Paramagnetism 1016
32.8 Ferromagnetism 1019
33 Electromagnetic Waves 1032
33.1 Electromagnetic Waves 1032
33.2 Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 1040
33.3 Radiation Pressure 1043
33.4 Polarization 1045
33.5 Reflection and Refraction 1050
33.6 Total Internal Reflection 1056
33.7 Polarization By Reflection 1059
34 Images 1072
34.1 Images and Plane Mirrors 1072
34.2 Spherical Mirrors 1076
34.3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1083
34.4 Thin Lenses 1086
34.5 Optical Instruments 1094
34.6 Three Proofs 1098
35 Interference 1111
35.1 Light As A Wave 1111
35.2 Young's Interference Experiment 1117
35.3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 1122
35.4 Interference From Thin Films 1126
35.5 Michelson's Interferometer 1135
36 Diffraction 1148
36.1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1148
36.2 Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1153
36.3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1158
36.4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1162
36.5 Diffraction Gratings 1166
36.6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 1170
36.7 X-Ray Diffraction 1173
37 Relativity 1186
37.1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 1186
37.2 The Relativity of Length 1196
37.3 The Lorentz Transformation 1199
37.4 The Relativity of Velocities 1204
37.5 Doppler Effect For Light 1205
37.6 Momentum and Energy 1209
38 Photons and Matter Waves 1225
38.1 The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1225
38.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1227
38.3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1230
38.4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1236
38.5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1238
38.6 Schrödinger's Equation 1242
38.7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 1244
38.8 Reflection From A Potential Step 1246
38.9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1248
39 More About Matter Waves 1258
39.1 Energies of A Trapped Electron 1258
39.2 Wave Functions of A Trapped Electron 1264
39.3 An Electron In A Finite Well 1268
39.4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1270
39.5 The Hydrogen Atom 1275
40 All About Atoms 1293
40.1 Properties of Atoms 1293
40.2 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 1300
40.3 Magnetic Resonance 1303
40.4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons In A Trap 1304
40.5 Building The Periodic Table 1308
40.6 X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1310
40.7 Lasers 1314
41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1327
41.1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1327
41.2 Semiconductors and Doping 1336
41.3 THE P-N Junction and The Transistor 1341
42 Nuclear Physics 1352
42.1 Discovering The Nucleus 1352
42.2 Some Nuclear Properties 1355
42.3 Radioactive Decay 1362
42.4 Alpha Decay 1365
42.5 Beta Decay 1368
42.6 Radioactive Dating 1371
42.7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1372
42.8 Nuclear Models 1373
43 Energy from The Nucleus 1385
43.1 Nuclear Fission 1385
43.2 The Nuclear Reactor 1392
43.3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1396
43.4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1398
43.5 Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun and Other Stars 1400
43.6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1402
44 Quarks, Leptons, and The Big Bang 1410
44.1 General Properties of Elementary Articles 1410
44.2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1419
44.3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1425
44.4 Cosmology 1431
Appendices
A The International System of Units (SI) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of The Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1
Index I-1
