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Full Description
The French Writers' War, 1940-1953, is a remarkably thorough account of French writers and literary institutions from the beginning of the German Occupation through France's passage of amnesty laws in the early 1950s. To understand how the Occupation affected French literary production as a whole, GisÈle Sapiro uses Pierre Bourdieu's notion of the "literary field." Sapiro surveyed the career trajectories and literary and political positions of 185 writers. She found that writers' stances in relation to the Vichy regime are best explained in terms of institutional and structural factors, rather than ideology. Examining four major French literary institutions, from the conservative French Academy to the ComitÉ national des Écrivains, a group formed in 1941 to resist the Occupation, she chronicles the institutions' histories before turning to the ways that they influenced writers' political positions. Sapiro shows how significant institutions and individuals within France's literary field exacerbated their loss of independence or found ways of resisting during the war and Occupation, as well as how they were perceived after Liberation.
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
Part I. The Literary Logics of Political Engagement 11
1. Choices under Constraints 13
2. The Responsibility of the Writer 81
3. Literary Salvation and the Literature of Salvation: FranÇois Mauriac and Henry Bordeaux 158
Part II. Literary Institutions and National Crisis 187
4. The Sense of Duty: The French Academy 191
5. The Sense of Scandal: The Goncourt Academy 243
6. The Sense of Distinction: The "NRF Spirit" 293
7. The Sense of Subversion: The ComitÉ national des Écrivains (CNE) 362
Part III. Literary Justice 437
8. The Literary Court 439
9. Literary Institutions and National Reconstruction 491
Conclusion 537
Appendix 1: Presentation of the Survey 551
Appendix 2: The Social Recruitment of the Literary Field and of Its Institutions 561
Notes 573
Bibliography 677
Name Index 721
