Full Description
This renowned work is derived from the authors' acclaimed national review course ("Physics of Medical Imaging") at the University of California-Davis for radiology residents. The text is a guide to the fundamental principles of medical imaging physics, radiation protection and radiation biology, with complex topics presented in the clear and concise manner and style for which these authors are known. Coverage includes the production, characteristics and interactions of ionizing radiation used in medical imaging and the imaging modalities in which they are used, including radiography, mammography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography and nuclear medicine. Special attention is paid to optimizing patient dose in each of these modalities. Sections of the book address topics common to all forms of diagnostic imaging, including image quality and medical informatics as well as the non-ionizing medical imaging modalities of MRI and ultrasound.The basic science important to nuclear imaging, including the nature and production of radioactivity, internal dosimetry and radiation detection and measurement, are presented clearly and concisely. Current concepts in the fields of radiation biology and radiation protection relevant to medical imaging, and a number of helpful appendices complete this comprehensive textbook. The text is enhanced by numerous full color charts, tables, images and superb illustrations that reinforce central concepts. The book is ideal for medical imaging professionals, and teachers and students in medical physics and biomedical engineering. Radiology residents will find this text especially useful in bolstering their understanding of imaging physics and related topics prior to board exams.-- NEW Four-color throughout-- NEW Companion website with fully searchable text and images--Basic line drawings help to explain concepts--Comprehensive coverage of diagnostic imaging modalities--Superb writing style of the author team helps make a difficult subject approachable and engaging
Contents
Preface to the Third EditionForewordAcknowledgementsSection I: Basic Concepts1 Introduction to Medical Imaging1.1 The Modalities1.2 Image Properties2 Radiation and the Atom2.1 Radiation2.2 Structure of the Atom3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter3.1 Particle Interactions3.2 X-ray and Gamma-Ray Interactions3.3 Attenuation of x-rays and Gamma Rays3.4 Absorption of Energy from X-rays and Gamma Rays3.5 Imparted Energy, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose4 Image Quality4.1 Spatial Resolution4.2 Convolution4.3 Physical Mechanisms of Blurring4.4 The Frequency Domain4.5 Contrast Resolution4.6 Noise Texture: The Noise Power Spectrum4.7 Contrast4.8 Contrast-to-Noise Ratio4.9 Signal-to-Noise Ratio4.10 Contrast-Detail Diagrams4.11 Detective Quantum Efficiency4.12 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves5 Medical Imaging Informatics5.1 Analog and Digital Representation of Data5.2 Digital Radiological Images5.3 Digital Computers5.4 Information Storage Devices5.5 Display of Digital Images5.6 Computer Networks5.7 PACS and Teleradiology5.8 Image Processing5.9 Security, Including AvailablilitySection II: Diagnostic Radiology6 x-ray Production, X-ray Tubes, and x-ray Generators6.1 Production of x-rays6.2 x-ray Tubes6.3 x-ray Generators6.4 Power Ratings and Heat Loading and Cooling6.5 Factors Affecting x-ray Emission7 Radiography7.1 Geometry of Projection Radiography7.2 Screen-Film Radiography7.3 Computed Radiography7.4 Charge-Coupled Device and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor detectors7.5 Flat Panel Thin-Film-Transistor Array Detectors7.6 Technique Factors in Radiography7.7 Scintillators and Intensifying Screens7.8 Absorption Efficiency and Conversion Efficiency7.9 Other Considerations7.10 Radiographic Detectors, Patient Dose, and Exposure Index7.11 Dual-Energy Radiography7.12 Scattered Radiation in Projection Radiographic Imaging8 Mammography8.1 x-ray Tube and Beam Filtration8.2 x-ray Generator and Phototimer System8.3 Compression, Scattered Radiation, and Magnification8.4 Screen-Film Cassettes and Film Processing8.5 Digital Mammography8.6 Radiation Dosimetry8.7 Regulatory Requirements9 Fluoroscopy9.1 Functionality9.2 Fluoroscopic Imaging Chain Components9.3 Fluoroscopic Detector Systems9.4 Automatic Exposure Rate Control9.5 Fluoroscopy Modes of Operation9.6 Image Quality in Fluoroscopy9.7 Fluoroscopy Suites9.8 Radiation Dose10 Computed Tomography10.1 Clinical Use10.2 CT System Designs10.3 Modes of CT Acquisition10.4 CT Reconstruction10.5 Image Quality in CT10.6 CT Image Artifacts10.7 CT Generations11 X-ray Dosimetry in Projection Imaging and Computed Tomography11.1 Attenuation of X-rays in Tissue11.2 Dose-Related Metrics in Radiography and Fluoroscopy11.3 Monte Carlo Dose Computation11.4 Equivalent Dose11.5 Organ Doses from X-ray Procedures11.6 Effective Dose11.7 Absorbed Dose in Radiography and Fluoroscopy11.8 CT Dosimetry and Organ Doses11.9 Computation of Radiation Risk to the Generic Patient11.10 Computation of Patient-Specific Radiation Risk Estimates11.11 Diagnostic Reference Levels11.12 Increasing Radiation Burden from Medical Imaging11.13 Summary: Dose Estimation in Patients12 Magnetic Resonance Basics: Magnetic Fields, Nuclear Magnetic Characteristics, Tissue Contrast, Image Acquisition12.1 Magnetism, Magnetic Fields, and Magnets12.2 The Magnetic Resonance Signal12.3 Magnetization Properties of Tissues12.4 Basic Acquisition Parameters12.5 Basic Pulse Sequences12.6 MR Signal Localization12.7 "K-Space" Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction12.8 Summary13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Advanced Image Acquisition Methods, Artifacts, Spectroscopy, Quality Control, Siting, Bioeffects, and Safety13.1 Image Acquisition Time13.2 MR Image Characteristics13.3 Signal from Flow13.3 Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast Imaging13.4 Magnetization Transfer Contrast13.5 MR Artifacts13.6 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy13.7 Ancillary Components13.8 Magnet Siting, Quality Control13.9 MR Bioeffects and Safety13.10 Summary14 Ultrasound14.1 Characteristics of Sound14.2 Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter14.3 Ultrasound Transducers14.4 Ultrasound Beam Properties14.5 Image Data Acquisition14.6 Two-Dimensional Image Display and Storage14.7 Doppler Ultrasound14.8 Miscellaneous Ultrasound Capabilities14.9 Ultrasound Image Quality and Artifacts14.10 Ultrasound System Performance and Quality Assurance14.11 Acoustic Power and Bioeffects14.12 SummarySection III: Nuclear Medicine15 Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation15.1 Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships15.2 Nuclear Transformation16 Radionuclide Production, Radiopharmaceuticals, and Internal Dosimetry16.1 Radionuclide Production16.2 Radiopharmaceuticals16.3 Internal Dosimetry16.4 Regulatory Issues17 Radiation Detection and Measurement17.1 Types of Detectors and Basic Principles17.2 Gas-Filled Detectors17.3 Scintillation Detectors17.4 Semiconductor Detectors17.5 Pulse Height Spectroscopy17.6 Nonimaging Detector Applications17.7 Counting Statistics18 Nuclear Imaging-The Scintillation Camera18.1 Planar Nuclear Imaging: The Anger Scintillation Camera18.2 Computers in Nuclear Imaging19 Nuclear Imaging-Emission Tomography19.1 Focal Plane Tomography in Nuclear Medicine19.2 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography19.3 Positron Emission Tomography19.4 Dual Modality Imaging-SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI19.5 Clinical Aspects, Comparison of PET and SPECT, and DoseSection IV: Radiation Biology and Protection20 Radiation Biology20.1 Overview20.2 Interaction of Radiation with Tissue20.3 Molecular and Cellular Response to Radiation20.4 Organ System Response to Radiation20.5 Whole Body Response to Radiation: The Acute Radiation Syndrome20.6 Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis20.7 Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure20.8 Radiation Effects In Utero21 Radiation Protection21.1 Sources of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation21.2 Personnel Dosimetry21.3 Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety21.4 Fundamental Principles and Methods of Exposure Control21.5 Structural Shielding of Imaging Facilities21.6 Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Imaging21.7 Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine21.8 Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits21.9 Prevention of Errors21.10 Management of Radiation Safety Programs21.11 Imaging of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Patients21.12 Medical Emergencies Involving Ionizing RadiationSection V: AppendicesA Fundamental Principles of PhysicsB Digital ComputersE Effective Doses, C Physical Constants, Prefixes, Geometry, Conversion Factors, and Radiologic DataD Mass Attenuation CoefficientsOrgan Doses, and Fetal Doses from Medical Imaging ProceduresF Radiopharmaceutical Characteristics and DosimetryG Convolution and Fourier TransformsH Radiation Dose: Perspectives and ComparisonsI Radionuclide Therapy Home Care GuidelinesIndex
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