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"We were not orphans. Our parents were living; they just couldn't take care of us." This poignant remark captures the heartbreaking reality faced by thousands of Texas children from the 1920s through the 1970s. The Waco State Home provided housing and education for "dependent and neglected" children, but residents paid a price in physical and sexual abuse, military discipline, and plantation-style labor. Even so, the institution was the only home they had, and it rescued many children from an even worse fate.
Now for the first time, oral histories and newly unearthed documents reveal what went on behind the gates of the Waco State Home. Sherry Matthews has tracked down former residents and uncovered criminal abuse that went unpunished and unpublicized. She first became aware of the Waco State Home at age three, when her three brothers were taken there to live. Years later, she attended a reunion at the Home and began collecting the alumni stories with assistance from author Jesse Sublett.
We Were Not Orphans gathers riveting recollections from nearly sixty alumni who share the horror of abuse as well as their triumphs of spirit and ingenuity. Some alumni recall only the positive-bountiful food, caring teachers, victorious sports teams, and friendships and values that have lasted a lifetime. Others recount bloody beatings and sexual molestation that have left physical and emotional scars. These personal narratives and Matthews's relentless pursuit of the truth show how much can go wrong when a government-run institution operates without adequate public oversight. The Waco State Home finally closed after a landmark federal court decision and a courageous superintendent stopped the abuse and helped shepherd the children out of institutionalized care.
Contents
Foreword by Robert Draper
Acknowledgments
Prologue
Map
Waco State Home Historical Time Line
Stories
Chapter One: The Great Depression
Dick Hudman, 1924-1941
Dorothy Sue Robertson Diekmann, 1928-1941
Prentiss "Stick" Andrews, 1933-1940
Oletha "Lee" Dorrough McConnell, 1937-1941
Roy Dorrough, 1938-1950
Russell Dorrough, 1939-1952
Sue Williamson Stolz, 1938-1949
Betty Williamson Gatlin, 1939-1950
William "Bailey" Yarbrough, 1939-1943
Charles Goodson, 1939-1952
Doris Goodson Bray, 1939-1952
Chapter Two: The War Years
Margaret Morren Edwards, 1940-1949
Bobby Graham, 1940-1951
John Wilson, 1940-1953
Edith Wills Swadley, 1940-1954
Norman Clark, 1941-1953
James Smith, 1942-1947
Betty Louise Huffman Dubose, 1942-1948
John L. Smith, 1942-1952
Harvey Walker, 1944-1951
Yvonne Mabry Barnes, 1945-1955
Tommy Turner, 1947-1957
Betty Emfinger Cupps, 1948-1951
James Emfinger, 1948-1960
Sudie Powell Goodman, 1948-1954
Martha Willeford Burns, 1948-1955
Ernest Whitener, 1948-1959
Fred Lamb, 1949-1959
Carolyn Jean Gafford Lewallen, 1949-1962
Chapter Three: The Fifties
Edward Kainer, 1950-1961
Linda Cooey Weeks, 1950-1966
Lillian Cooey Johnson, 1951-1955
Ann Edwards Gilbert-Pulliam, 1951-1961
Buddy Tucker, 1951-1961
Betty Ann Moreno Dreese, 1954-1961
Dorothy Nash Roach, 1955-1959
Billie Jean Folkner Baumann, 1956-1966
Paul Folkner, 1956-1969
Steve Folkner, 1956-1970
Neelee Thames Walker, 1957-1964
Phyllis Meacham Smith, 1958-1961
Guadalupe Vasquez King, 1958-1968
Nancy Wilkins Green, 1958-1969
Chapter Four: The Sixties
Bess Foster Tucker, 1960-1962
Leroy Willeford, 1960-1963
Angie B. Cazarez, 1960-1968
Juanita Johnson, 1962-1965, and Virginia Johnson, 1962-1969
James Hartley, 1963-1966
Fernando "Freddy" Reyes, 1964-1972
Linda Prather D'Agostino, 1965-1974
Ronnie Corder, 1965-1975
Mary "Liz" Westbrook Benton, 1966-1967
Vincent Galaviz, 1968-1974
Billie Ceaser, 1968-1976
Epilogue
Chapter Five: Overview
Chapter Six: Abuse
Chapter Seven: Control
Chapter Eight: Reform
Chapter Nine: Conclusion and Reflections
