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Contents
BRIEF TOC CHAPTER 1: Introduction to PsychologyCHAPTER 2: Biology and BehaviorCHAPTER 3: Sensation and PerceptionCHAPTER 4: States of ConsciousnessCHAPTER 5: LearningCHAPTER 6: MemoryCHAPTER 7: Cognition, Language, and IntelligenceCHAPTER 8: Child DevelopmentCHAPTER 9: Adolescence and AdulthoodCHAPTER 10: Motivation and EmotionCHAPTER 11: Human Sexuality and GenderCHAPTER 12: Health and StressCHAPTER 13: Personality Theory and AssessmentCHAPTER 14: Psychological DisordersCHAPTER 15: TherapiesCHAPTER 16: Social PsychologyAPPENDIX A: Statistical MethodsAPPENDIX B: Psychology in the WorkplaceDETAILED TOC:CHAPTER 1: Introduction to PsychologyAn Introduction to the World of PsychologyAPPLY IT: Best Practices for Effective StudyingThe Scientific MethodThe Goals of PsychologyExploring Psychology's RootsStructuralismFuntionalismThe Changing Face of PsychologySchools of Thought in PsychologyBehaviorismPsychoanalysisHumanistic PsychologyCognitive PsychologyEvolutionary PsychologyBiological (Physiological) PsychologyThe Sociocultural ApproachPsychological Perspectives and EclecticismThinking about Theories and ResearchEvaluating TheoriesEvaluating ResearchDescriptive Research MethodsNaturalistic and Laboratory ObservationThe Case StudySurvey ResearchTRY IT: Can Small Samples Really Be Representative?The Correlational MethodThe Experimental MethodExperiments and Hypothesis TestsingIndependent and Dependent VariablesExperimental and Control GroupsSources of Bias in Experimental ResearchLimitations of the Experimental MethodParticipants in Psychological ResearchParticipant-Related Bias in Psychological ResearchProtecting Research Participants' RightsThe Use of Animals in ResearchPsychologists at WorkSpecialties in PsychologyMajoring in Psychology CHAPTER 2: Biology and BehaviorThe Neurons and the NeurotransmittersThe Structure of the NeuronCommunication between NeuronsNeurotransmitters: The Neuron's MessengersThe Variety of NeurotransmittersThe Human Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System: The Spinal CordCentral Nervous System: The HindbrainCentral Nervous System: The MidbrainCentral Nervous System: The ForebrainThe Peripheral Nervous SystemA Closer Look at the BrainComponents of the CerebrumThe Cerebral HemispheresTRY IT: A Balancing ActThe Frontal LobesThe Parietal LobesThe Occipital LobesThe Temporal LobesThe Brain across the Life SpanGender Differences in the Adult BrainDiscovering the Brain's MysteriesThe EEG and the MicroelectrodeThe CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance ImagingThe PET Scan, fMRI, and Other Imaging TechniquesThe Endocrine SystemGenes and Behavioral GeneticsThe Mechanisms of HeredityAPPLY IT: Should You Consult a Genetic Counselor?Behavioral GeneticsCHAPTER 3: Sensation and PerceptionThe Process of SensationThe Absolute and Difference ThresholdsTransduction and AdaptationTRY IT: Sensory AdaptationVisionThe EyeVision and the BrainTRY IT: VisionColor VisionTheories of Color VisionTRY IT: A Negative AfterimageHearingSoundThe EarTheories of HearingHearing LossThe Other Senses: Smell, Taste, Touch, and BalanceSmellTasteTouchPainBalance and MovementPrinciples of PerceptionPerceptual OrganizationDepth PerceptionMotion PerceptionPuzzling PerceptionsInfluences on PerceptionAttentionPrior KnowledgeAPPLY IT: How Dangerous Is It to Talk on a Cell Phone While Driving?TRY IT: Bottom-Up ProcessingSocial PerceptionUnusual Perceptual ExperiencesCHAPTER 4: States of ConsciousnessWhat is Consciousness?Changing Views of ConsciousnessCulture and Altered States of ConsciousnessCircadian RhythmsThe Biology of Circadian RhythmsDisruptions in Circadian RhythmsCircadian Timing and Neurological DisordersSleepWhy Do We Sleep?Types of Sleep: NREM and REMSleep CyclesREM Sleep and MemoryVariations in SleepSleep DeprivationSleep DisordersAPPLY IT: How to Get a Good Night's SleepDreamsThe Content of DreamsInterpreting DreamsMeditation and HypnosisMeditationTRY IT: The Relaxation ResponseHypnosisPsychoactive DrugsHow Drugs Affect the BrainThe Behavioral Effects of StimulantsThe Behavioral Effects of DepressantsThe Behavioral Effects of HallucinogensRisk and Protective Factors for Substance AbuseDrug AddictionHerbal Remedies and SupplementsCHAPTER 5: LearningClassical Conditioning: The Original ViewPavlov and Classical ConditioningThe Process of Classical ConditioningChanging Conditioned ResponsesJohn Watson and Emotional ConditioningClassical Conditioning: The Contemporary ViewThe Cognitive PerspectiveBiological PredispositionsClassical Conditioning in Everyday LifeTRY IT: Cues in CommercialsFactors Influencing Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningThorndike and the Law of EffectThe Process of Operant ConditioningReinforcementSchedules of ReinforcementFactors Influencing Operant ConditioningPunishmentEscape and Avoidance LearningAPPLY IT: How to Win the Battle Against ProcrastinationApplications of Operant ConditioningTRY IT: Using Behavior ModificationCognitive LearningLearning by InsightLatent Learning and Cognitive MapsObservational LearningLearning from MediaCHAPTER 6: MemoryThe Structure of Human MemoryThe Information-Processing ApproachSensory MemoryShort-Term MemoryLong-Term MemoryAPPLY IT: Improving Memory with Mnemonic DevicesThe Nature of RememberingThree Types of Memory TasksThe Serial Position EffectContext and Memory Memory as ReconstructionMemory in Everyday LifeFlashbulb and Photographic MemoriesMemory and CultureEyewitness TestimonyThe Repressed Memory ControversyBiology and MemoryThe Hippocampus and Hippocampal RegionNeuronal Changes and MemoryHormones and MemoryMemory LossForgettingEbbinghaus and the First Experimental Studies on ForgettingThe Causes of ForgettingTRY IT: A Penny for Your ThoughtsImproving MemoryTRY IT: Organizing for Memory Improvement CHAPTER 7: Cognition, Language, and IntelligenceCognitionReasoningImageryConceptsDecision MakingProblem SolvingTRY IT: Water Lily ProblemTRY IT: Duncker's Candle ProblemArtificial IntelligenceLanguageThe Structure of LanguageLanguage and ThinkingLearning a Second LanguageAnimal CommunicationIntelligenceThe Nature of IntelligenceMeasuring IntelligenceRequirements of Good TestsAPPLY IT: How to Build a Powerful VocabularyThe Bell CurveGiftednessMental RetardationLearning DisabilitiesExplaining Difference in Cognitive AbilitiesThe Heritability of IntelligenceIntelligence: Fixed or Changeable?Race and IQCulture, IQ, and AchievementBeyond IntelligenceEmotional IntelligenceTRY IT: Find Your EQCreativitySavant SyndromeCHAPTER 8: Child DevelopmentDevelopmental Psychology: Basic Issues and MethodologyControversial Issues in Developmental PsychologyApproaches to Studying Developmental ChangePrenatal DevelopmentThe Milestones of Prenatal DevelopmentFetal BehaviorNegative Influences on Prenatal DevelopmentInfancyReflexes and Motor DevelopmentSensory and Perceptual DevelopmentLearningTemperamentAttachmentThe Father-Child RelationshipPiaget's Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentSchemes: The Foundation of Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget's Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentTRY IT: Conservation of VolumeAn Evaluation of Piaget's ContributionOther Approaches to Cognitive DevelopmentVygotsky's Sociocultural ViewThe Information-Processing ApproachLanguage DevelopmentThe Sequence of Language DevelopmentTheories of Language DevelopmentLearning to ReadSocial DevelopmentThe Parents' Role in the Socialization ProcessPeer RelationshipsTelevision as a Socializing AgentCulture and Child DevelopmentAPPLY IT: Choosing a Nonparental Care Arrangement CHAPTER 9: Adolescence and AdulthoodThe Lifespan PerspectiveErikson's Psychosocial TheoryThe Identity CrisisGenerativityAdolescencePubertyCognitive DevelopmentMoral DevelopmentParental RelationshipsThe Peer GroupEmerging AdulthoodTRY IT: Emerging AdulthoodEarly and Middle AdulthoodPhysical ChangesIntellectual AbilitiesThe Impact of College AttendanceLifestyle Patterns in AdulthoodAPPLY IT: Where Are You in the Career Development Process?Later AdulthoodPhysical Changes in Later AdulthoodTRY IT: Stereotypes about Later AdulthoodCognitive Changes in Later AdulthoodAlzheimer's Disease-The Most Common DementiaSocial Development and Adjustment in Later AdulthoodCultural Differences in Care for the ElderlyDeath and DyingCHAPTER 10: Motivation and EmotionFoundations of MotivationThe Components of MotivationTypes of MotivationBiological Approaches to MotivationBehavioral and Social-Cognitive Approaches to MotivationTRY IT: What is Your N Ach?Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsTwo Primary Drives: Thirst and HungerThirstInternal and External Hunger CuesExplaining Variations in Body WeightWeight Loss StrategiesEating DisordersUnderstanding EmotionExplainin the Components of EmotionsTheories of EmotionEmotion and the BrainExpressing EmotionThe Range of EmotionThe Development of Facial ExpressionsThe Universality of Facial ExpressionsTRY IT: Recognizing Basic EmotionsCultural Rules for Displaying EmotionEmotion as a Form of CommunicationThe Art and Science of Lie DetectionExperiencing EmotionThe Facial-Feedback HypothesisAPPLY IT: The Quest for HappinessGender Differences in Experiencing EmotionEmotion and CognitionLoveCHAPTER 11: Human Sexuality and GenderSex, Gender, and Gender RolesBiological SexPsychological GenderEarly Theories of Gender Role DevelopmentThe Multidimensional Approach to Gender RolesGender Schema TheoryEvolutionary TheoryTRY IT: Waist-Hip RatiosGender DifferencesThinking about Gender DifferencesCognitive AbilitiesGender Differences in Social Behavior and PersonalitySexual Attitudes and BehaviorInfluences on Sexual Attitudes and BehaviorAPPLY IT: Rules for Internet DatingSexual Desire and ArousalSexual OrientationDeterminants of Sexual OrientationSocial Attitudes toward Gays and LesbiansGay and Lesbian RelationshipsSexual DysfunctionsSexual Desire DisordersSexual Arousal DisordersOrgasmic and Sexual Pain DisordersSexually Transmitted DiseasesTRY IT: Mayo Clinic STD Quiz: What You Don't Know Can Hurt YouBacterial STDsViral STDsAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)TRY IT: Knowledge About AIDSCHAPTER 12: Health and StressSources of StressLife Events: Big and SmallDaily Hassles and UpliftsTRY IT: Finding a Life Stress ScoreConflicts and ControllabilityStress in the WorkplaceTRY IT: Sources of Stress in Your LifeCatastrophic EventsRacism and StressSocioeconomic Status and StressResponding to StressSelye and the General Adaptation SyndromeLazarus's Cognitive Theory of StressCoping StrategiesHealth and IllnessTwo Approaches to Health and IllnessCoronary Heart DiseaseCancerThe Immune System and StressPersonal Factors Reducing the Impact of Stress and IllnessGender and HealthRace and HealthLifestyle and HealthSmoking and HealthAPPLY IT: Interpreting Health Information on the InternetAlcohol AbuseDietExerciseAlternative MedicineCHAPTER 13: Personality Theory and AssessmentPsychoanalytic TheoriesThe Conscious, the Preconscious, and the UnconsciousThe Id, the Ego, and the SuperegoThe Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentEvaluating Freud's ContributionThe Neo-FreudiansHumanistic TheoriesTwo Humanistic TheoriesSelf-EsteemTRY IT: Gauging Your Self-EsteemTrait TheoriesEarly Trait TheoriesTRY IT: Allport's Trait TheoryThe Five-Factor ModelOrigins and Stability of the Five FactorsCulture and Personality TraitsSocial-Cognitive TheoriesThe Situation-Trait DebateReciprocal DeterminismSelf-Efficacy and Locus of ControlPersonality AssessmentObservation, Interviews, and Rating ScalesPersonality InventoriesAPPLY IT: Put Your Best Foot ForwardProjective TestsCHAPTER 14: Psychological DisordersDefining Psychological DisordersWhat is Abnormal?Classifying Psychological DisordersExplaining Psychological DisordersPrevalence of Psychological DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic Attacks, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia.Generalized Anxiety Disorders and PhobiasAPPLY IT: Overcoming the Fear of Public SpeakingTRY IT: Phobia NamesObsessive-Compulsive DisorderMood DisordersMajor Depressive DisorderCulture, Gender, and DepressionBipolar DisorderExplaining Mood DisordersSuicide and Race, Gender, and AgeSchizophreniaAge, Gender, and SchizophreniaPositive Symptoms of SchizophreniaNegative Symptoms of SchizophreniaTypes of SchizophreniaExplaining SchizophreniaSomatoform and Dissociative DisordersSomatoform DisordersDissociative DisordersPersonality DisordersCharacteristics of Personality DisordersTypes of Personality DisordersDisorders Diagnosed in ChildhoodPervasive Developmental DisordersAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder CHAPTER 15: TherapiesInsight TherapiesPsychodynamic TherapiesInterpersonal TherapyHumanistic TherapiesGestalt TherapyRelationship TherapiesCouple TherapyFamily TherapyGroup TherapyBehavior TherapiesBehavior Modification Techniques Based on Operant ConditioningBehavior Therapies Based on Other Learning TheoriesTRY IT: A Possible Hierarchy of FearsCognitive TherapiesRational Emotive Behavior TherapyBeck's Cognitive TherapyBiomedical TherapiesDrug TherapyPsychiatric Drugs for Children and AdolescentsElectroconvulsive TherapyPsychosurgeryEvaluating the TherapiesThe Therapeutic RelationshipChoosing a TherapistAPPLY IT: Is E-Therapy Right for You?Culturally-Sensitive and Gender-Sensitive TherapyCHAPTER 16: Social PsychologySocial PerceptionImpression FormationAttributionAttractionFactors Influencing AttractionPhysical AttractivenessRomantic Attraction and MatingTRY IT: Choosing a Life PartnerConformity, Obedience, and ComplianceConformityObedienceComplianceGroup InfluenceSocial FacilitationSocial LoafingSocial RolesAttitudes and Attitude ChangeAttitudesCognitive DissonancePersuasionProsocial BehaviorReasons for HelpingThe Bystander EffectAggressionBiological Factors in AggressionOther Influences on AggressionThe Social Learning Theory of AggressionSexual AggressionPrejudice and AggressionThe Roots of Prejudice and DiscriminationIs Prejudice Decreasing?APPLY IT: "Unlearning" PrejudiceAnswer KeyAppendix AAppendix BReferencesGlossaryName IndexSubject Index
