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Emotion, Third Edition, offers a comprehensive and integrated survey of the field of affective science. The text covers the major theories of emotion in detail and reviews both classic and cutting-edge research on emotional processes from various subdisciplines. The authors' thoughtful engagement with ongoing controversies, contradictory findings, methodological limitations, and replication failures encourages critical thinking. While highly rigorous, the
text is also student-friendly, with a light, humorous tone, real-world stories, and an intuitive structure. Emotion, Third Edition, addresses the questions undergraduates are most likely to ask: Why do we have
emotions? How do they affect our lives? and How can we improve emotional well-being?
Contents
Each chapter ends with a Summary, Key Terms, Thought/Discussion Questions, and Suggestions for Further Reading.
Preface:
Acknowledgments:
PART 1. WHAT ARE EMOTIONS, AND WHY DO WE HAVE THEM?
Chapter 1. The Nature of Emotion
What Is Emotion?
An Attempt to Define Emotion:
A Different Type of Definition: The Prototype Approach:
Classic Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory:
Cannon-Bard Theory:
Schachter-Singer Theory:
Modern Theories of Emotion
Basic/Discrete Emotions:
Core Affect and Psychological Construction:
The Component Process Model:
Which Modern Theory Is Right?:
Research Methods: How Do We Study Emotion?:
Inducing Emotion:
Measuring Emotion:
--Self-Reports
--Physiological Measurements
--Behavioral Observations
Do Different Aspects of Emotion Hang Together?
Chapter 2. The Evolution of Emotion
What Is an Evolutionary Perspective?
Basic Principles of Evolutionary Theory:
Emotions as Adaptations:
Functions of Emotion
Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion:
Social Functions of Emotion:
Role of Evolution in Modern Theories of Emotion
The Signal Value of Emotional Feelings:
Approach and Avoidance Motivation:
Emotions as Superordinate Neural Programs:
A Phylogeny of Emotions?:
Methodological Considerations
Example: Are Physiological Aspects of Emotion Universal?:
Chapter 3. Culture and Emotion
What Is Culture?
A Definition and Its Implications:
Cultural Differences in Concepts of Emotion
Do All Cultures Have the Same "Basic" Emotions?:
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:
Hyper- Versus Hypocognized Emotions:
Aspects of Culture That Predict Differences in Emotion
Individualism Versus Collectivism:
Power Distance: Vertical Versus Horizontal Societies:
Linear Versus Dialectical Epistemology:
Methodological Considerations
Example: Culture of Honor and Implications for Anger:
Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches
Ekman (1972): Neurocultural Theory of Emotion:
Russell (1991): Emotion Episodes as Socially Constructed Scripts:
Keltner & Haidt (1999): Levels of Analysis:
Chapter 4. What Elicits Emotions?
What Is Appraisal?
The Speed of Emotional Appraisals:
What Is the Content of Appraisal?
Core Relational Themes:
Appraisal Dimensions:
Which Approach Is Correct?:
Evidence Linking Appraisal to Emotion
Does Appraisal Cause Emotion?:
Universals and Cultural Differences in Emotional Appraisals:
Is Appraisal Necessary for Emotion?
The Mere Exposure Effect:
Example: What Elicits Anger?
Core Relational Theme Approach:
Appraisal Dimension Approach:
No-Cognition Approach: The Cognitive Neoassociationistic Model:
Chapter 5. Emotional Expression in the Face, Posture, and Voice
Historical Importance of Facial Expression Research
Are Facial Expressions of Emotion Universal?
Ekman's Cross-cultural Studies:
How Many Expressions Are There?:
Culture and Emotional Expression
Cultural Display Rules:
Facial Expression Dialects:
Emotion in Posture and the Voice
Posture and Emotion:
Vocal Expression of Emotion:
Can Expression Influence Emotional Feelings?
PART 2. HOW DO EMOTIONS AFFECT OUR LIVES?
Chapter 6. Emotion and the Central Nervous System
Methods to Study Emotion and the Brain
Brain Damage:
Electroencephalography:
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
Neurochemistry Techniques:
The Reverse Inference Problem:
The Amygdala and Emotion
Effects of Amygdala Damage:
Laboratory Studies of Fear Conditioning:
Events That Activate the Human Amygdala:
The Amygdala and Emotional Memory:
Emotion Neuroanatomy: Important Structures
The Hypothalamus:
The Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area:
The Insular Cortex:
The Prefrontal Cortex:
Emotion Neurochemistry: Important Neurotransmitters
Dopamine:
B-Endorphin and the Opioid Peptides:
Serotonin:
Oxytocin:
Theories of Emotion: Evidence from Neuroscience:
Chapter 7. The Autonomic Nervous System and Hormones
The Autonomic Nervous System
Fight or Flight: The Sympathetic Nervous System:
Rest and Digest: The Parasympathetic Nervous System:
How the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems Work Together:
Hormones and the Endocrine System
Measuring Physiological Aspects of Emotion
Commonly Used Measures:
Measurement Challenges:
The Autonomic Nervous System and Emotion
Are Bodily Sensations Necessary for Emotional Feelings?:
Autonomic Nervous System Specificity of Emotions:
Culture and Emotion Physiology:
Physiological Aspects of Positive Emotions:
Stress and Its Health Consequences
Hans Selye and the Concept of Stress:
Defining and Measuring Stress:
How Stress Can Affect Health:
Chapter 8. Emotional Development
Emotional Reactions in Infancy
Crying:
Smiling and Laughing:
Responses to Danger:
When Do Specific Emotions Emerge?
How Do Emotions Develop?
Physical Maturation:
Cognitive Maturation:
Social Interaction:
Development of Emotional Communication: Perceiving, Sharing, and Talking About Emotions
Interpreting Facial Expressions of Emotion:
Emotional Language:
Socialization of Emotional Expression
Emotion in Adolescence
Emotional Development in Adulthood
Individual Consistency Across the Lifespan:
Age Trends in Emotion:
Chapter 9. Emotion in Relationships and Society
Early Emotional Bonds: Infant Attachment
What Is the Function of Attachment?:
Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms of Attachment:
Types of Attachment: Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, and Avoidant:
Romantic Love and Marriage
Romantic Attraction and Falling in Love:
Attachment in Adult Romantic Relationships:
Marriage: Predicting Satisfaction and Stability:
Emotions in Caring for Others
Sympathy, Compassion, and Nurturant Love:
Empathy:
Emotions in Society
Attachment Processes in Friendships and Groups:
Gratitude: Find, Remind, and Bind:
The Appeasement Function of Embarrassment:
Pride and Social Status:
Chapter 10. Emotion and Cognition
Emotions and Attention
Emotions and Memory
Emotion and Memory Encoding:
Emotion and Consolidation:
Emotion and Retrieval:
Emotions and Information Processing
Systematic Versus Heuristic Processing:
Mood and Systematic Versus Heuristic Cognition:
Are Depressed People More Realistic?:
Positive Affect and Creativity:
Emotions and Decision Making
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis:
Choices Based on Preferences and Values:
Emotions and Moral Reasoning:
The Downside of Relying on Emotions:
PART 3. HOW CAN WE IMPROVE EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING?
Chapter 11. The Value of Negative Emotions
Fear
The Value of Fear:
The Biology of Fear and Anxiety:
Individual Differences: Gender and Genetics:
Anger
The Value of Anger:
The Biology of Anger and Aggression:
Individual Differences: Expression and Management:
Disgust
The Biology of Disgust:
Individual Differences: Development and Implications:
Sadness
The Value of Sadness:
The Biology of Sadness:
Individual Differences: Aging and Loss:
Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt
The Value of Self-Conscious Negative Emotions:
The Biology of Embarrassment:
Individual Differences in Self-Conscious Emotions:
Chapter 12. Happiness and the Positive Emotions
Is Happiness an Emotion?
Measuring Subjective Well-Being:
What Predicts Happiness?
Personality: The Top-Down Theory of Happiness:
Life Events That Impact Happiness:
Wealth and Happiness:
Other Correlates of Happiness:
The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotion
Are There Multiple Positive Emotions?
Enthusiasm: The Anticipation of Reward:
Contentment:
Pride:
Love:
Amusement and Humor:
Awe:
Hope and Optimism:
Chapter 13. Individual Differences in Emotion
Gender and Emotion
Gender Differences in Emotional Experience and Expression:
Gender and Emotion Regulation:
Gender and Empathy:
Personality and Emotion
Biological Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Emotion
Frontal Lobe Activation Asymmetry:
Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism:
Emotional Intelligence
Measuring Emotional Intelligence:
Reliability and Validity of Emotional Intelligence Tests:
Can Emotional Intelligence Be Taught?:
Chapter 14. Emotion in Clinical Psychology
Diagnosis in Clinical Psychology
Major Depressive Disorder
Multiple Types of Depression?:
Causes of Depression:
Treating Depression:
Mania and Bipolar Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Causes of Anxiety Disorders:
Treating Anxiety Disorders:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Emotional Disturbances as Transdiagnostic Aspects of Disorder
Chapter 15. Emotion Regulation
Freud's Ego Defense Mechanisms: An Early Taxonomy of Coping Strategies
The Process Model of Emotion Regulation
Situation-Focused Strategies
Choosing Situations Wisely:
Active Coping: Changing the Situation:
Cognition-Focused Strategies
Attentional Control:
Cognitive Reappraisal:
Different Types of Reappraisal:
Response-Focused Strategies
Escaping Emotions: Drugs, Alcohol, and Food:
Suppressing Emotional Expression:
Catharsis: Expressing Your Feelings:
Exercise:
Relaxation:
The Neurobiology of Emotion Regulation
Which Emotion Regulation Strategies Are Best?
References:
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