Description
This book explores a novel approach to ultra-low-power and long-range wireless communication for next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) devices through LoRa-based backscatter technology. It begins by analyzing the challenges in traditional IoT systems – energy consumption, scalability, interoperability and security – before introducing backscatter communication as a promising alternative. By leveraging LoRa’s long-range capabilities and the energy efficiency of the backscatter technique, it proposes a solution that significantly reduces power consumption while preserving effective communication performance.
Long-range Low-power Devices Based on LoRa Backscattering for Next Generation IoT Applications presents theoretical foundations, system architecture and tag design, including various modulation schemes and front-end implementations. Several real-world applications are examined, such as indoor localization, smart medical implants, wearable health monitoring and smart home automation. Through practical experiments and performance evaluations, it is demonstrated that LoRa backscattering systems offer a viable and scalable path toward sustainable, maintenance-free IoT nodes. This book serves as a comprehensive reference for researchers and engineers specializing in low-power wireless communication systems for IoT.
Table of Contents
Introduction ix
Chapter 1 Background of Backscatter Communications 1
1.1. Discovery and evolution 1
1.2. Modern back scatter communications 5
1.2.1 Monostatic backscatter communication systems 5
1.2.2. Bistatic backscatter communication systems 11
1.2.3. LoRa backscattering systems 19
Chapter 2 Theory of Backscatter Communication 21
2.1. Radar cross-section 21
2.2. Tag backscattered power 21
2.3. Tag differential radar cross-section 25
2.4 Load modulation 27
Chapter 3 Backscattering Tag Design 31
3.1. Tag front-end 31
3.1.1 Load-modulated backscattering tag 31
3.1.2. Amplified backscattering tag 34
3.1.3. Backscattered power comparison 51
3.2 Tag and carrier modulation 52
3.2.1 Carrier modulation: LoRa primer 52
3.2.2 Tag modulation: on–off keying 56
3.2.3 Tag down-chirp modulation 60
3.3. Tag power consumption 67
3.4. Conclusion 72
Chapter 4 Backscattering for Localization Applications 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2. System architecture overview 77
4.2.1. Backscatter prototype 79
4.2.2. Propagation model 80
4.2.3. Room-level classification 82
4.3. Simulations 84
4.4. Experimental results 87
4.5. Discussion 89
4.6. Conclusion 94
Chapter 5 Backscattering for Implanted Medical Applications 97
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2. System design 98
5.2.1. System description 98
5.2.2. Phantom design 100
5.2.3. Antenna for deep implanted backscatter 102
5.2.4 Link budget 107
5.3. Results 114
5.4. Discussion 118
5.5. Conclusion 121
Chapter 6 Backscattering for IoT Applications 123
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2. System design 126
6.2.1. System overview 126
6.2.2. Implementation 128
6.2.3. Temperature sensing 130
6.2.4. Breathing monitoring 132
6.3. Results 135
6.3.1. Calibration of the temperature sensor 135
6.3.2 Determination of breathing rate and coughing events 138
6.3.3. Wireless measurement and positioning 139
6.4. Discussion 148
6.5. Conclusion 151
Chapter 7 Backscattering for Domotic Applications 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2. System architecture 154
7.2.1 Carrier modulation 155
7.2.2. Tag identification 156
7.2.3. Tag implementation 159
7.3. On-site measurements 166
7.4. Conclusion 171
References 173
Index 197
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