Description
A comprehensive examination of the nature, causes, and consequences of internal migration in developing countriesDespite the key role of rural-urban migration in structural transformation and the persistence of lower living standards in the countryside, active policies to reduce, or even reverse, movement into towns are common in major developing regions. Climate change is shifting the calculus: the resulting erosion to agricultural opportunities, combined with increasing frequency of natural disasters, is already resulting in substantial population displacement, mostly internally and into towns in particular.Crossing the Divide examines the nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between the rural and urban sectors of developing countries. Using nationally representative, micro-level data on individuals from seventy-five countries in Africa, the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean over the course of several decades, Robert E.B. Lucas moves well beyond existing studies to provide the most comprehensive and definitive treatment of internal migration currently available. Lucas analyzes these data on a country-by-country basis, considering both rural-urban and urban-rural movements, to reassess conventional understandings and offer significant new findings on who moves and who stays, the economic incentives and barriers to moving, the role of social networks, return and onward migration, and the impact of migration on families, especially children.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: An Introduction and PreviewChapter 2: Data Sources and Issues in Measurement2.1. Lifetime Migration2.2. Interim Moves2.3. Some Comparisons of Alternative Measurement Approaches2.4. An Implication: Symmetry or Asymmetry in Moves between Rural and Urban Areas?Chapter 3: Country-Specific Magnitudes of Migration between Rural and Urban Sectors3.1. Measurement Results3.2. The Country-Specific Contexts.3.3. Closing RemarksChapter 4: Who Migrates, Who Stays?4.1. A Literature Summary4.2. New Evidence: Characterizing the MoversChapter 5: Economic Motives and Barriers to Internal Migration5.1. Labor Migration: The Individualistic View5.2. Family Decisions and the New Economics of Labor Migration5.3. On Barriers to Internal Migration5.4. Extending the Evidence: Selection and the Returns to Migration and StayingChapter 6: The Roles of Social Networks6.1. Social Networks and Internal Migration: Approaches and Limitations6.2. Gravity Models and the Dynamics of Cumulative Inertia6.3. Urban Networks in Rural-Urban Migration: Nationally Representative Estimates6.4. Exploring Multiple Networks6.5. Networks at Origin6.6. A Summing UpChapter 7: The Impermanence of Moves: Return and Onward Migration7.1. Evidence on the Impermanence of Moves7.2. Return Migration7.3. Selection and Upward Mobility among Rural-Urban Migrants7.4. Short-term, Seasonal Migration7.5. Notes on Repeat and Step MigrationChapter 8: Impacts of Migration upon Families8.1. Migrant Departure and the Living Standards of Those Left Behind8.2 Couples: Cohabitation and Migration8.3. Migration and the Well-being of ChildrenChapter 9: In Perspective: A Summing Up9.1. Rural-Urban Migration and Urbanization9.2. The Role of Rural-Urban Migration in Economic Development9.3. The Incidence and Importance of Temporary Moves9.4. The Gender Balance in Crossing the Rural-Urban Divide9.5. Implications for the Structure and Well-Being of Families9.6. Rural-urban Migration: The Policy Framework9.7. A Postscript: The COVID PandemicAppendix A: Data Sources and Issues in MeasurementAppendix B: Country-Specific Magnitudes of Migration between Rural and Urban SectorsAppendix C: Who Migrates, Who Stays?Appendix D: Economic Motives and Barriers to Internal MigrationAppendix E: The Roles of Social NetworksAppendix F: The Impermanence of Moves: Return and Onward MigrationAppendix G: Impacts of Migration upon FamiliesReferences
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