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Description
Provides the background, tools, and models required to understand organic synthesis and plan chemical reactions more efficiently
Knowledge of physical chemistry is essential for achieving successful chemical reactions in organic chemistry. Chemists must be competent in a range of areas to understand organic synthesis. Organic Chemistry provides the methods, models, and tools necessary to fully comprehend organic reactions. Written by two internationally recognized experts in the field, this much-needed textbook fills a gap in current literature on physical organic chemistry.
Rigorous yet straightforward chapters first examine chemical equilibria, thermodynamics, reaction rates and mechanisms, and molecular orbital theory, providing readers with a strong foundation in physical organic chemistry. Subsequent chapters demonstrate various reactions involving organic, organometallic, and biochemical reactants and catalysts. Throughout the text, numerous questions and exercises, over 800 in total, help readers strengthen their comprehension of the subject and highlight key points of learning. The companion Organic Chemistry Workbook contains complete references and answers to every question in this text. A much-needed resource for students and working chemists alike, this text:
- Presents models that establish if a reaction is possible, estimate how long it will take, and determine its properties
- Describes reactions with broad practical value in synthesis and biology, such as C-C-coupling reactions, pericyclic reactions, and catalytic reactions
- Enables readers to plan chemical reactions more efficiently
- Features clear illustrations, figures, and tables
- With a Foreword by Nobel Prize Laureate Robert H. Grubbs
Organic Chemistry: Theory, Reactivity, and Mechanisms in Modern Synthesis is an ideal textbook for students and instructors of chemistry, and a valuable work of reference for organic chemists, physical chemists, and chemical engineers.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
Foreword xxix
1 Equilibria and thermochemistry 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Equilibrium-free enthalpy: reaction-free energy or Gibbs energy 1
1.3 Heat of reaction and variation of the entropy of reaction (reaction entropy) 2
1.4 Statistical thermodynamics 4
1.5 Standard heats of formation 8
1.6 What do standard heats of formation tell us about chemical bonding and ground-state properties of organic compounds? 9
1.7 Standard heats of typical organic reactions 14
1.8 Ionization energies and electron affinities 20
1.9 Homolytic bond dissociations; heats of formation of radicals 22
1.10 Heterolytic bond dissociation enthalpies 28
1.11 Electron transfer equilibria 32
1.12 Heats of formation of neutral, transient compounds 32
1.13 Electronegativity and absolute hardness 37
1.14 Chemical conversion and selectivity controlled by thermodynamics 40
1.15 Thermodynamic (equilibrium) isotopic effects 49
2 Additivity rules for thermodynamic parameters and deviations 109
2.1 Introduction 109
2.2 Molecular groups 110
2.3 Determination of the standard group equivalents (group equivalents) 111
2.4 Determination of standard entropy increments 113
2.5 Steric effects 114
2.6 Ring strain and conformational flexibility of cyclic compounds 117
2.7 ;;/π-, n/π-, σ/π-, and n/σ-interactions 127
2.8 Other deviations to additivity rules 144
2.9 Major role of translational entropy on equilibria 146
2.10 Entropy of cyclization: loss of degrees of free rotation 151
2.11 Entropy as a synthetic tool 151
3 Rates of chemical reactions 177
3.1 Introduction 177
3.2 Differential and integrated rate laws 177
3.3 Activation parameters 188
3.4 Relationship between activation entropy and the reaction mechanism 192
3.5 Competition between cyclization and intermolecular condensation 197
3.6 Effect of pressure: activation volume 201
3.7 Asymmetric organic synthesis 206
3.8 Chemo- and site-selective reactions 229
3.9 Kinetic isotope effects and reaction mechanisms 231
4 Molecular orbital theories 271
.1 Introduction 271
4.2 Background of quantum chemistry 271
4.3 Schrödinger equation 272
4.4 Coulson and Longuet-Higgins approach 274
4.5 Hückel method 277
4.6 Aromatic stabilization energy of heterocyclic compounds 305
4.7 Homoconjugation 308
4.8 Hyperconjugation 314
4.9 Heilbronner Möbius aromatic [N]annulenes 324
4.10 Conclusion 326
5 Pericyclic reactions 339
5.1 Introduction 339
5.2 Electrocyclic reactions 340
5.3 Cycloadditions and cycloreversions 361
5.4 Cheletropic reactions 437
5.5 Thermal sigmatropic rearrangements 451
5.6 Dyotropic rearrangements and transfers 495
5.7 Ene-reactions and related reactions 500
6 Organic photochemistry 615
6.1 Introduction 615
6.2 Photophysical processes of organic compounds 615
6.3 Unimolecular photochemical reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons 626
6.4 Unimolecular photochemical reactions of carbonyl compounds 637
6.5 Unimolecular photoreactions of benzene and heteroaromatic analogs 644
6.6 Photocleavage of carbon–heteroatom bonds 649
6.7 Photocleavage of nitrogen—nitrogen bonds 661
6.8 Photochemical cycloadditions of unsaturated compounds 667
6.9 Photo-oxygenation 688
6.10 Photoinduced electron transfers 710
6.11 Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence 727
7 Catalytic reactions 795
7.1 Introduction 795
7.2 Acyl group transfers 798
7.3 Catalysis of nucleophilic additions 810
7.4 Anionic nucleophilic displacement reactions 815
7.5 Catalytical Umpolung C—C bond forming reactions 818
7.6 Brønsted and Lewis acids as catalysts in C—C bond forming reactions 836
7.7 Bonding in transition metal complexes and their reactions 858
7.8 Catalytic hydrogenation 891
7.9 Catalytic reactions of silanes 906
7.10 Hydrogenolysis of C—C single bonds 910
7.11 Catalytic oxidations with molecular oxygen 911
7.12 Catalyzed nucleophilic aromatic substitutions 922
8 Transition-metal-catalyzed C—C bond forming reactions 1029
8.1 Introduction 1029
8.2 Organic compounds from carbon monoxide 1030
8.3 Direct hydrocarbation of unsaturated compounds 1053
8.4 Carbacarbation of unsaturated compounds and cycloadditions 1070
8.5 Didehydrogenative C—C-coupling reactions 1116
8.6 Alkane, alkene, and alkyne metathesis 1124
8.7 Additions of organometallic reagents 1134
8.8 Displacement reactions 1148
References 1191
Index 1317
