- ホーム
- > 電子洋書
Description
The International System of Units, the SI, provides the foundation for all measurements in science, engineering, economics, and society. The SI has been fundamentally revised in 2019. The new SI is a universal and highly stable unit system based on invariable constants of nature. Its implementation rests on quantum metrology and quantum standards, which base measurements on the manipulation and counting of single quantum objects, such as electrons, photons, ions, and flux quanta. This book explains and illustrates the new SI, its impact on measurements, and the quantum metrology and quantum technology behind it.
The book is based on the book ?Quantum Metrology: Foundation of Units and Measurements? by the same authors.
From the contents:
-Measurement
-The SI (Système International d?Unités)
-Realization of the SI Second: Thermal Beam Cs Clock, Laser Cooling, and the Cs Fountain Clock
-Flux Quanta, Josephson Effect, and the SI Volt
-Quantum Hall Effect, the SI Ohm, and the SI Farad
-Single-Charge Transfer Devices and the SI Ampere
-The SI Kilogram, the Mole, and the Planck constant
-The SI Kelvin and the Boltzmann Constant
-Beyond the present SI: Optical Clocks and Quantum Radiometry
-Outlook
Table of Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xi
List of Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Some Basics 5
2.1 Measurement 5
2.2 The SI (Système International d'Unités) 9
3 Realization of the SI Second: Thermal Beam Cs Clock, Laser Cooling, and the Cs Fountain Clock 23
3.1 The Thermal Beam Cs Clock 25
3.2 Techniques for Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms 28
3.3 The Cs Fountain Clock 32
4 Flux Quanta, Josephson Effect, and the SI Volt 39
4.1 Josephson Effect and Quantum Voltage Standards 39
4.2 Flux Quanta and SQUIDs 62
4.3 Traceable Magnetic Flux Density Measurements 77
5 Quantum Hall Effect, the SI Ohm, and the SI Farad 87
5.1 Basic Physics of Three- and Two-Dimensional Semiconductors 88
5.2 Two-Dimensional Electron Systems in Real Semiconductors 91
5.3 The Hall Effect 97
5.4 Metrology Using the Quantum Hall Effect 103
5.5 Graphene for Resistance Metrology 111
6 Single-Charge Transfer Devices and the SI Ampere 123
6.1 Basic Physics of Single-Electron Transport 124
6.2 Quantized Current Sources 130
6.3 Realization of the SI Ampere 142
6.4 Consistency Tests: Quantum Metrology Triangle 144
7 The SI Kilogram, the Mole, and the Planck Constant 153
7.1 From "Monitoring the Stability of the Kilogram" to the Planck Constant 156
7.2 The Avogadro Experiment 158
7.3 The Kibble Balance Experiment 165
7.4 The Mole: Unit of Amount of Substance 169
7.5 The CODATA Evaluation of the Value of the Defining Planck Constant and the Maintenance and Dissemination of the Kilogram 170
8 The SI Kelvin and the Boltzmann Constant 181
8.1 Primary Thermometers 182
8.2 The CODATA Evaluation of the Value of the Defining Boltzmann Constant, Realization and Dissemination of the New Kelvin 193
9 Beyond the Present SI: Optical Clocks and Quantum Radiometry 201
9.1 Optical Clocks and a New Second 201
9.2 Single-Photon Metrology and Quantum Radiometry 220
10 Outlook 245
References 246
Index 247
