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Description
Offering a unique perspective summarizing research on this timely important topic around the globe, this book provides comprehensive coverage of how molecular biomass can be transformed into sustainable polymers. It critically discusses and compares a few classes of biomass - oxygen-rich, hydrocarbon-rich, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (including carbon dioxide) as well as natural polymers - and equally includes products that are already commercialized.
A must-have for both newcomers to the field as well as established researchers in both academia and industry.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xi
1 Introduction 1
Mitra S. Ganewatta, Chuanbing Tang, and Chang Y. Ryu
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sustainable Polymers 2
1.3 Biomass Resources for Sustainable Polymers 4
1.4 Conclusions 8
References 8
2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Sustainability, Production, and Industrialization 11
Ying Wang and Guo-Qiang Chen
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 PHA Diversity and Properties 14
2.3 PHA Production from Biomass 16
2.4 PHA Application and Industrialization 26
2.5 Conclusion 28
Acknowledgment 28
References 28
3 Polylactide: Fabrication of Long Chain Branched Polylactides and Their Properties and Applications 35
Zhigang Wang and Huagao Fang
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Fabrication of LCB PLAs 36
3.3 Structural Characterization on LCB PLAs 38
3.4 The Rheological Properties of LCB PLAs 43
3.5 Crystallization Kinetics of LCB PLAs 46
3.6 Applications of LCB PLAs 48
3.7 Conclusions 51
Acknowledgments 51
References 51
4 Sustainable Vinyl Polymers via Controlled Polymerization of Terpenes 55
Masami Kamigaito and Kotaro Satoh
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 β-Pinene 57
4.3 α-Pinene 63
4.4 Limonene 65
4.5 β-Myrcene, α-Ocimene, and Alloocimene 69
4.6 Other Terpene or Terpenoid Monomers 76
4.7 Conclusion 80
Abbreviations 80
References 81
5 Use of Rosin and Turpentine as Feedstocks for the Preparation of Polyurethane Polymers 91
Meng Zhang, Yonghong Zhou, and Jinwen Zhang
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Rosin Based Polyurethane Foams 92
5.3 Rosin-Based Polyurethane Elastomers 95
5.4 Terpene-Based Polyurethanes 95
5.5 Terpene-Based Waterborne Polyurethanes 97
5.6 Rosin-Based Shape Memory Polyurethanes 99
5.7 Conclusions 100
References 101
6 Rosin-Derived Monomers and Their Progress in Polymer Application 103
Jifu Wang, Shaofeng Liu, Juan Yu, Chuanwei Lu, Chunpeng Wang, and Fuxiang Chu
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Rosin Chemical Composition 104
6.3 Rosin Derived Monomers for Main-Chain Polymers 105
6.4 Rosin-Derived Monomers for Side-Chain Polymers 112
6.5 Rosin-Derived Monomers for Three-Dimensional Rosin-Based Polymer 131
6.6 Outlook and Conclusions 140
Acknowledgments 141
References 141
7 Industrial Applications of Pine-Chemical-Based Materials 151
Lien Phun, David Snead, Phillip Hurd, and Feng Jing
7.1 Pine Chemicals Introduction 151
7.2 Crude Tall Oil 151
7.3 Terpenes 153
7.4 Tall Oil Fatty Acid 159
7.5 Rosin 167
7.6 Miscellaneous Products 173
References 178
8 Preparation and Applications of Polymers with Pendant Fatty Chains from Plant Oils 181
Liang Yuan, Zhongkai Wang, Nathan M. Trenor, and Chuanbing Tang
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 (Meth)acrylate Monomers Preparation and Polymerization 182
8.3 Norbornene Monomers and Polymers for Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) 194
8.4 2-Oxazoline Monomers for Living Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization 195
8.5 Vinyl Ether Monomers for Cationic Polymerization 200
8.6 Conclusions and Outlook 203
References 204
9 Structure–Property Relationships of Epoxy Thermoset Networks from Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils 209
Zheqin Yang, Jananee Narayanan, Matthew Ravalli, Brittany T. Rupp, and Chang Y. Ryu
9.1 Introduction 209
9.2 Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils 213
9.3 Conclusions 224
Acknowledgment 225
References 225
10 Biopolymers from Sugarcane and Soybean Lignocellulosic Biomass 227
Delia R. Tapia-Blácido, Bianca C. Maniglia, and Milena Martelli-Tosi
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Composition and Pretreatment 229
10.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass from Soybean 233
10.4 Production of Polymers from Soybean Biomass 234
10.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass from Sugarcane 242
10.6 Production of Polymers from Sugarcane Bagasse 242
10.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 246
Acknowledgments 247
References 247
11 Modification of Wheat Gluten-Based Polymer Materials by Molecular Biomass 255
Xiaoqing Zhang
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Modification of Wheat Gluten Materials by Molecular Biomass 257
11.3 Biodegradation of Wheat Gluten Materials Modified by Biomass 269
11.4 Biomass Fillers for WG Biocomposites 271
11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives of WG-Based Materials 272
References 273
12 Copolymerization of C1 Building Blocks with Epoxides 279
Ying-Ying Zhang and Xing-Hong Zhang
12.1 Introduction 279
12.2 CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization 280
12.3 CS2/Epoxide Copolymerization 295
12.4 COS/Epoxide Copolymerization 299
12.5 Properties of C1-Based Polymers 304
12.6 Conclusions and Outlook 307
References 307
13 Double-Metal Cyanide Catalyst Design in CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization 315
Joby Sebastian and Darbha Srinivas
13.1 Introduction 315
13.2 Polycarbonates and Their Synthesis Methods 317
13.3 Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides 318
13.4 Double-Metal Cyanides and Their Structural Variation 319
13.5 Methods of DMC Synthesis 322
13.6 Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity of DMCs 323
13.7 Role of Co-catalyst on the Activity of DMC Catalysts 332
13.8 Copolymerization in the Presence of Hybrid DMC Catalysts 334
13.9 Copolymerization with Nano-lamellar DMC Catalysts 335
13.10 Effect of Crystallinity and Crystal Structure of DMC on Copolymerization 337
13.11 Effect of Method of Preparation of DMC Catalysts on Their Structure and Copolymerization Activity 337
13.12 Reaction Mechanism of Copolymerization 340
13.13 Conclusions 342
References 343
Index 347
