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Full Description
Synchrotron radiation became available in a routine and regular manner to the scientific community in the early 1980s. Since that time the use of techniques employing synchrotron radiation has proliferated, so that the unique properties of this form ofelectromagnetic radiation are now having a major impact on several areas of physical and biological sciences. Not only have several new techniques become available but new opportunities with existing methodologies, e.g. diffraction, have been opened up. In this book we providea surveyofsomeofthemostimportantapplications ofsynchrotron radiation, with astrongemphasison the fields ofchemistry and materials science. An introduction to the properties of the radiation and its instrumentation is given in chapter 1. The following chapters describe the use ofsynchrotron radiation in high resolution powder diffraction for structural studies of crystalline materials and in diffraction topography for imaging defects in single crystals. The role of EXAFS in investigations of amorphous and disordered crystalline solids and ofbiological systems is highlighted. The important enhancements to surface science techniques offered by synchrotron radiation are then reviewed. Later chapters describe more specialist applic ations, including trace-element analysis, protein crystallography, X-ray microscopy, and atomic and molecular spectroscopy.
Contents
1 Synchrotron radiation instrumentation.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Synchrotron radiation sources.- 1.3 Mirror optics.- 1.4 Monochromators.- 1.5 Detectors.- 1.6 Experimental layouts.- References.- 2 X-ray diffraction from powders and crystallites.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 X-ray diffraction: basic features.- 2.3 Synchrotron radiation and powder diffraction.- 2.4 Instrumentation.- 2.5 Applications.- 2.6 Single crystal studies.- 2.7 Summary and conclusion.- References.- 3 X-ray topography.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Dispersion and absorption according to the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction: an overview.- 3.3 Topographic techniques and contrast formation mechanisms.- 3.4 Crystal growth defects.- 3.5 Dislocation analysis: integrated intensity techniques.- 3.6 Dislocation analysis and strain mapping: plane wave imaging.- 3.7 From the analysis of one-dimensional strains to the precise location of impurity atoms.- 3.8 Applications of X-ray topography to the study of solid state reactions.- 3.9 Conclusion.- References.- 4 Small angle X-ray scattering and the study of microemulsions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 SAXS hardware requirements.- 4.3 Experiments on AOT microemulsions.- References.- 5 Time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering on polymers.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 SAXS and polymers.- 5.3 Time-resolved SAXS in polymer crystallisation and annealing.- 5.4 Model polymers: ultra-long n.- 5.5 Phase separation in liquid polymer mixtures.- 5.6 Simultaneous diffraction and calorimetry experiments.- References.- 6 EXAFS and structural studies of glasses.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Basic principles of EXAFS.- 6.3 EXAFS data analysis.- 6.4 The structure of oxide glasses.- References.- 7 EXAFS studies of ionically conducting solids.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Ionic conductivity in solids.- 7.3 Silver iodide.- 7.4 Rare-earth doped alkaline earth fluorides.- 7.5 Cubic stabilised zirconia and bismuth oxide.- 7.6 Mixed fluorides.- 7.7 Polymer electrolytes.- 7.8 Summary.- References.- 8 Applications of EXAFS to the study of metal catalysts.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Sampling methods.- 8.3 Homogeneous transition metal catalysts.- 8.4 Surface organometallic species.- 8.5 Oxide supported metal ion sites.- 8.6 Oxide supported metallic catalysts.- 8.7 Oxide supported alloy catalysts.- 8.8 Concluding comments.- References.- 9 Looking at solid surfaces with synchrotron radiation.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Surface science: the tools.- 9.3 Advantages of the synchrotron source.- 9.4 Photoemission.- 9.5 X-ray absorption spectroscopy.- 9.6 X-ray diffraction from surfaces.- References.- 10 Protein crystallography.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Instrumentation for protein crystallography.- 10.3 Use of the high intensity and collimation of synchrotron radiation in protein crystallography.- 10.4 Anomalous scattering and phase determination.- 10.5 Time-resolved crystallography.- 10.6 Synchrotron radiation and diffuse scattering from protein crystals.- 10.7 Conclusions and future directions.- References.- 11 X-ray absorption spectroscopy of biological molecules.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Experimental aspects.- 11.3 Information content of an X-ray absorption spectrum.- 11.4 Applications.- 11.5 XAS and protein crystallography.- References.- 12 X-ray microscopy.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 X-ray optical systems.- 12.3 Methods of zone plate fabrication.- 12.4 X-ray microscope designs.- 12.5 Applications of X-ray focussing microscopes.- 12.6 Contact X-ray microscopy.- 12.7 Future developments.- References.- 13 Synchrotron radiation trace element analysis.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 The developmentof accelerator-based techniques.- 13.3 The use of synchrotron radiation.- 13.4 Applications of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence.- 13.5 Total reflection.- 13.6 Spatial resolved SXRF.- 13.7 Conclusions.- References.- 14 Atomic and molecular science.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Photo-electron spectroscopy.- 14.3 Photo-ion spectroscopy.- 14.4 Fluorescence spectroscopy.- 14.5 Conclusion.- References.- 15 Time-resolved spectroscopy.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Principles of fluorescence polarisation.- 15.3 Experimental methods and instrumentation.- 15.4 Numerical analysis.- 15.5 Results.- 15.6 The future.- References.
