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Full Description
Dry granular materials, such as sand, sugar and powders, can be poured into a container like a liquid and can also form a pile, resisting gravity like a solid, which is why they can be regarded as a fourth state of matter, neither solid nor liquid.
This book focuses on defining the physics of dry granular media in a systematic way, providing a collection of articles written by recognised experts. The physics of this field is new and full of challenges, but many questions (such as kinetic theories, plasticity, continuum and discrete modelling) also require the strong participation of mechanical and chemical engineers, soil mechanists, geologists and astrophysicists. The book gathers into a single volume the relevant concepts from all these disciplines, enabling the reader to gain a rapid understanding of the foundations, as well as the open questions, of the physics of granular materials. The contributors have been chosen particularly for their ability to explain new concepts, making the book attractive to students or researchers contemplating a foray into the field. The breadth of the treatment, on the other hand, makes the book a useful reference for scientists who are already experienced in the subject.
Contents
1. Static Packings.- 1. Continuum Modeling of Granular Assemblies: Quasi-Static Dilatancy and Yield.- 2. Modeling and Granular Material Boundary Value Problems.- 3. Models of Stress Propagation in Granular Media.- 4. Elastoplastic Arching in Two Dimensional Granular Heaps.- 5. A Scalar Arching Model.- 6. Stress Correlations and Weight Distributions in Granular Packs.- 7. Exact Determination of Force Networks in a Static Assembly of Discs.- 8. Experimental Study of the Force Distributions inside 2D Granular Systems.- 9. Statistical Analysis of Silo Wall Pressures.- 2. Deformation of the Packing.- 1. Non-Associated Plasticity for Soils, Concrete and Rock.- 2. Static and Dynamic Arching Effect in Granular Materials.- 3. Collisions and Fluctuations for Granular Materials.- 4. Texture-Dependent Rigid-Plastic Behavior.- 5. Fluctuations and Flow for Granular Shearing: Results from Experiment and Simulation.- 6. A Continuum Description of Arching Effects.- 7. Pressure Fluctuations in a Granular Column.- 8. Friction. Dilation, and Plastic Flow Potential.- 9. Particle Kinematics in Sheared Rod Assemblies: Experimental Observations.- 3. Particle-Particle Interactions.- 1. Quasi-Static Contacts.- 2. Collisions & Contacts betweeen Two Particles.- 3. Multicontact Dynamics.- 4. Lasting Contacts in Molecular Dynamics Simulations.- 4. Shape of the Granular Heap.- 1. On the Shape of a Sandpile.- 2. Formation of Sandpiles, Avalanches on an Inclined Plane.- 3. A Minimal Model Approach for Morphodynamics of Dunes.- 5. Theory of Rapid Flows.- 1. Kinetic Theory for Nearly Elastic Spheres.- 2. Kinetics and Dynamics of Rapid Granular Flows.- 3. Inelastic Collisions in Planetary Rings: Thickness and Satellite-Induced Structures.- 4. A Microscopic Model of Energy Dissipation in Granular Collisions.- 5. DSMC — a Stochastic Algorithm for Granular Matter.- 6. Avalanches and Inclined Chutes.- 1. Continuous Flows and Avalanches of Grains.- 2. Friction in Granular Media.- 3. A Phenomenological Model for Avalanches and Surface Flows.- 4. Avalanches in Piles of Rice.- 5. Dynamics of a Ball Roling Down a Rough Inclined Surface.- 6. Chaotic Behavior of a Ball Bouncing on a Rough Inclined Line.- 7. Flow in Pipes and Hoppers.- 1., Granular Flow in Hoppers and Tubes: Gas Grain Interaction.- 2. 1/f Noise in Pipe Flow.- 3. Particles in Liquids.- 4. Similarities between Granular and Traffic Flow.- 8. Vibration.- 1. Chicago Experiments on Convection, Compaction, and Compression.- 2. Granular Packing under Vibration.- 3. Granular Dynamics of Shaking.- 4. Pattern Formation in Vertically Vibrated Granular Layers: Experiment and Simulation.- 5. Faraday Patterns in 2D Granular Layers.- 6. Is There a Critical Accelaration for the Onset of Convection?.- 7. Frustrated Models for Compact Packings.- 8. Rotation and Reptation.- 9. Segregation.- 1. Particle Segregation in Collisional Flows of Inelastic Spheres.- 2. Depletion and Multiparticle Segregation.- 3. Spontaneous Self-Stratification without Shaking.- 4. Segregation due to Surface Flows of Granular Mixtures.- 5. Cellular Automata Models for Granular Media.- 6. Particle Size Segregation. Granular Shocks and Stratification Patterns.- 7. Segregation of Granular Particles in a Nearly Packed Rotating Cylinder: A New Insight for Axial Segregation.- Author Index.
