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Full Description
This book centers on the history of polders and investigates the complex hydro-social relationships of the Jianghan Plain in late imperial China. Once a hydraulic frontier where local communities managed the polders, the Jianghan Plain had become a state-led hydro-electric powerhouse by the mid-twentieth century. Through in-depth historical analysis, this book shows how water politics, cultural practice, and ecology interplayed and transformed the landscape and waterscape of the plain from a long-term perspective. By touching on topics such as religious practice, ethnic tensions and local militarization, the author reveals a plain forever caught between land and water, and nature and culture.
Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Figures and Tables
Introduction Water, Society and Politics
1 Theorizing Water and Politics
2 Revisiting the Relationship between Water and Society
3 The Yuan
4 What Are Yuan?
5 A Long-term View of the Yuan
6 The Jianghan Plain
1 Water-based Disasters and a Cultured Nature
1 The Amphibious Nature of the Jianghan Plain
1.1 A Flood-prone Environment
1.2 Wet-rice Cultivation and Its Significance
1.3 Amphibious Living
2 Networks, Lineages, and the Creation of Yuan
3 Temple-Yuan Relations: Seeing a Cultured Nature
4 Conclusion
2 Disordering Nature Wetlands and Empire Reconstruction (1600s-Early 1700s)
1 The Early History of the Wetlands in the Jianghan Plain
2 Crisis and Restoration
3 Migration and Opening the Plain
4 Amphibious Living: Fluidity of the Jianghan Lifestyle
5 Complexities in Administration
6 The Early Qing State and Its Laissez-faire Policy in Central China
7 Hydraulic Communities: Official and People's Yuan
8 Enforcement on Collaboration: The Formation of Yuan Zones
9 Customs in Common: Various Solutions for Collaborations
10 Turn Sea to Land: Population Growth and Dike Proliferation
11 Conclusion
3 The Retreat of the Horse The Manchus, Pasturelands, and Water Management on the Jianghan Plain (ca. 1700s-mid-1800s)
1 Manchus and Horses
2 The Jingzhou Garrison
3 Population Growth and Land Reclamation in the Eighteenth-Century Jianghan Plain
4 The Debate over Land versus Water
5 The Dilemma for Statecraft Officials
6 The Manchus and the Local Ecology of Central China
7 Efforts to Reinforce Manchu Cultural Identity
8 The Retreat of Horses in the Jianghan Plain in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
9 Conclusion
4 Militarizing Water Forts, Polders, and Landscape in an Era of Crisis (1796-1860s)
1 The Rebels and the Jianghan Plain
2 Jianbi Qingye: The Qing State's Counterinsurgency Agenda
3 Fort Building in the Hubei Highlands
4 Local Militarization and the Lowland Communities
5 Yuan and Tuanlian: Qianjiang County as a Case Study
6 Disruptions in the Hydraulic System with Local Militarization
7 The Rural Famine in the Jianghan Plain from the Late 1850s to the 1860s
8 Conclusion
5 Coping with Environmental Crisis in the Post-Taiping Era
1 Post-Taiping Social Distress and Environmental Crisis
2 Managing the Waters
2.1 Flood Control: Restoring, Diking, or Diverting
2.2 Sedimentation: Ban the Reclamation on Mountains
2.3 Sacrificing the South for the North
3 The Changing Nature of Conflicts over Water
3.1 First, Greater Frequency and on a Larger Scale
3.2 Second, Diversifying Stakeholders
3.3 Third, a "Plebeian Culture" in Popular Action
3.4 Case Study: The Conflicts over the Big and Small Zekou Outlets from the 1840s to the 1910s
4 Changes in Hydrotopography of the Jianghan Plain
5 Conclusion
6 Centering the Plain
1 The Jinshui Reclamation Project
2 The Social, Economic, and Hydraulic Conditions of the Plain
3 Reorganizing the Yuan System in the Early Republic
4 The Nationalist Government's Scheme of Unifying Watersheds
5 A Divided Central Yangzi Watershed
6 Hydropower: Centering the Yangzi
7 Conclusion
Conclusion
1 An Autonomous Water Regime
2 An Amphibious Water Regime
3 The Role of the State
4 Environmental Changes in the Longue Durée
4.1 Hydrogeographic Changes
4.2 Loss of Biodiversity
5 Hopes and Challenges in the Jianghan Plain
Appendix: Glossary of Chinese Measurement Terms
Works Cited
Index
