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The Valley of Kashmir, long famous around the world for its unparalleled natural scenic beauty also has a rich cultural heritage with religious tolerance and amity among people belonging to different religious faiths as its core. The arrival of Islam in the late fourteenth century and its interaction with an ancient Shaiva tradition resulted in the emergence of a liberal version of the faith. It was a turning point in Kashmir's history. Popular culture grew rich with folktale, song, dance and music and with what craftsman could weave, stitch and shape with their nimble fingers.
When self-rule came in 1947, it was overshadowed by armed intervention to secure the accession of the state of Jammu & Kashmir to Pakistan. The dispute over the issue is still unresolved. Within the Valley, years of opportunistic policies pursued by Delhi and corruption and misgovernance by Srinagar proved to be fertile soil for the eruption of a violent, jehadi, secessionist movement around 1980 that drove the Hindu minority into exile, tore apart the composite culture, and resulted in large scale loss of life and property. There are signs visible today that the utter futility of the path of violence, which engendered counter violence, has dawned on some of its votaries.
These and other issues are addressed in this volume by a galaxy of scholars, including Kashmiris, from India, France, Germany, the UK and the USA under the thoughtful editorship of Aparna Rao who, sadly, died before the work could be placed with a publisher. Throughout the preparation of this volume, Rao worked in consultation with Professor T.N. Madan. The result is a book rich in information, insights and interpretations that entitle it to stand alongside Walter Lawrence's classic work, The Valley of Kashmir (1985), from which its title is borrowed.
Contents
foreword IX
Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat
An Introductory Essay
T.N. Madan 1
Part I. The sociocultural heritage: critical components
1. The Kashmiri Pa]n]dits: Their Early History
Michael Witzel 37
2. Mass Conversion in Medieval Kashmir:
Academic Perceptions and People's Practice
Rattan Lal Hangloo 97
3. 3. Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir:
A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani's
Historical Role
Mohammad Ishaq Khan 139
4. 4. Lalla's Relation to the Shaivite and
Sufi Traditions in Kashmir
Jaishree Kak 177
5. 5. Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in
Continuity and Change from Late-SIXteenth
to Late-Twentieth Centuries
Mushtaq A. Kaw 207
6. 6. Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious
Identities in Late-Nineteenth and
Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir
Chitralekha Zutshi 235
7. Maji Khir Bhavani: The Kashmiri Kuladevi
Madhu B. Wangu 259
Part II. The sociocultural heritage:
Continuity and change
8. The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language
Braj B. Kachru 303
9. Kashmiri Music in the Context of the Music
of Muslim Near East and Central Asia
and the Music of India
Jozef Pacholczyk 339
10. Dissolution and Dispersal: The Impact of
Modernity and Conflict on the Pandas of
Kashmir Valley
Rekha Wazir 365
11. A Black Dog's Gaze: Some Insights
into the Mortuary Rites and Conceptual
Transformations among the Gujar and
Bakkarwal of the Kashmir Valley
Michael J. Casimir and Aparna Rao 401
12. Popular Kashmiri Sufism and the Challenge
of Scripturalist Islam (1900-1989)
Yoginder Sikand 489
Part III. Recent developments: Culture and politics
13. Kashmir as Paradise on Earth
Ronald Inden 523
14. 14. Revisiting Key Episodes in
Modern Kashmiri History
Nathal·ene Reynolds 563
15. 15. The Rhetorics of the Kashmiri Militant
Movement: Azadi or Jihad
Navnita Chadha Behera 605
16. 16. Kashmiri Women and the Conflict:
From Icon to Agency
Rita Manchanda 653
17. Kashmiri Exceptionalism
Alexander Evans 713
selected publications of aparna rao 743
list of contributors 747
index 749
