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Full Description
Natural draught cooling towers are inevitable for the economic generation of electricity under environmental aspects: In any thermal power plant heated stearn drives a turbogenerator, which produces the electric energy. In order to create an effective heat sink behind the turbine, the stearn is condensed and recyc led into the boiler. This requires a large amount of cooling water which is heated by running through the condensor. Even in the most efficient fossil fuel thermal (nuclear) power plants, only about 40 (30)% of the generated heat is turned in to electric energy. The rest of heat of 60 (70)% is discharged into the environment through the smokestack and the cooling wa ter circuit. To avoid thermal pollution of natural water resources the heated cooling water should be recooled artificially in a cooling sys tem and reused. Among all technical solutions natural draught cooling towers are effective, economic and widely spread cor rective measures. In large power plants only natural draught cooling towers are able to recover the immense quantities of water required for cooling. Thus only these engineering struc tures are able to balance environmental factors, economic in vestment and operating costs of the power station with the de mands of a reliable electric energy supply.
Contents
Impulses of the Research on the Development of Large Cooling Towers.- Recent Structural Developments.- Ring-Stiffened Shell Constructions — A Structural Alternative or a Technical and Economical Necessity?.- Large Reticulated Steel Cooling Towers.- Design and Construction of Cooling Towers — Recent Developments — Constructional Problems.- Improvement of the Structural Behavior of Cooling Tower Shells by Ring-Stiffeners.- Review and Feedback of Experience Gained over the Last Fifty Years in Design and Construction of Natural Draught Cooling Towers.- The Ring-Stiffened Shell of the Natural Draft Cooling Tower of the ISAR II Nuclear Power Plant.- A New Type of Cooling Tower with Vertical Columns Disconnected from Shell Designed and Built in France.- Wind Loading.- Reliability of Current Design Methods for Wind-Induced Stresses.- Wind Loading of Hyperbolic Cooling Towers without Meridonal Ribs.- Wind Effects on High Cooling Towers (abstract).- A Discussion of the Treatment of Wind Loading in Natural Draught Cooling Towers with Special Reference to Reliability and Simplified Dynamic Factors (abstract).- Dynamics.- Seismic Analysis of Cooling Towers.- Seismic Response of Cooling Towers on Interactive Shallow or Deep Foundations.- Analysis of Cooling Towers due to Horizontal Incident Earthquake Motions Propagating Vertically from Base Rock.- The Earthquake Design of Reinforced Concrete Natural Draught Cooling Towers (abstract).- The Free Vibration Analysis of the Thin, Elastic Hyperboloidal Shell by the Analytical-Numerical Methods.- The Finite Element Solution and Model Tests of Free Vibration of Hyperbolic Cooling Tower.- Stability and Nonlinear Behavior.- The Problem of Kinetic Instabilities in the Natural Wind — Theoretical and Numerical Investigations.- Bucklingof Reinforced Concrete Cooling Tower Shells.- On the Validity of Reinforced Concrete Models of Cooling Tower Shells.- Geometric Imperfections and Buckling in Cooling Tower Shells.- Physically Linear Buckling Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Cooling Towers — Design Necessity or Academic Exercise?.- Nonlinear Behavior of Cooling Tower Shells.- Comparison of Complete and Simplified Elastic Buckling Loads for Cooling Tower Shells.- The Effect of Cracking on the Ultimate Load of Reinforced Concrete Cooling Towers.- Nonlinear Elastic Stability of Cooling Tower Shells.- Design Specification of Tolerances for Geometric Imperfections in Concrete Cooling Towers (abstract).- Structural Behavior and Special Problems.- Two Decades of Cooling Tower Design in the United States of America.- Extreme Loading Effects on Cooling Towers.- Repair of Cooling Towers.- The Effect of Unequal Settlement of Foundation on the Stress Resultants of Hyperbolic Cooling Towers and the Unequal Settlement Tolerance Limit.- Analysis of Hyperbolic Cooling Towers with Local Imperfections.- A Study of the Effect of Geometric Imperfection on the Hyperbolic Cooling Tower Shells (abstract).- Optimization of Large Cooling Towers.- A New Look at the Ultimate Behavior of Hyperbolic Cooling Towers (abstract).- Stress Analysis.- Stress Analysis of Cooling Towers with Ribs and Discrete Supports Using F. E. M..- Economical Calculation for the Optimal Design of General Shells of Revolution for Natural-Draft Cooling Towers by Means of Membrane Theory.- Current Developments in the Cooling Tower Analysis at Purdue University.- An Evaluation Method of Load Combination of Windstorm and Low Atmospheric Temperature on Cooling Towers.- Analysis of Cooling Towers by a Numerical Integration Method.- Durability.- Long TimeMeasurements of the Effects of Water and Temperature on Cooling Towers.- Durability of the Inner Surface of Cooling Tower Shells.- Long Term Deterioration of Concrete Cooling Towers (abstract).- Special Systems for Treatment of Fresh Concrete Surfaces Combined with Long Term Protection.- Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Influences of the Environment on Thin Cooling Tower Shells.- Aerodynamic Aspects of the Inflow Problem of Flue Gases into the Cooling Tower.
