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Full Description
The world around us appears as diverse and beautiful as it does owing to the fact that light is scattered. Scattering plays two roles in the intricate process of image formation. First, it is the means by which we perceive an object. An object which does not scatter light cannot be seen. However, scattering also distorts the image observed. Even in relatively pure air, visibility is limited to a range of a few tens of kilometers owing to aerosol and molecular light scattering. It is reduced to tens of meters in conditions of mist or fog. What occurs when we look at an object through a scattering medium? For example, when a point diffuse source is being observed, the radiation undergoes multiple scattering along the path to the photodetector. Therefore, the image produced by a source of this kind (i.e., the irradiance distribution in the image plane) appears as a more or less blurred speck. What we have said so far serves as an introduction to the concept of image transfer theory, or the point spread function ..
Contents
1 Introduction.- 1.1 A Brief History.- 1.2 Structure of the Book.- 1.3 Notes on Terminology.- 2 Radiation Field and Scattering Medium Characteristics.- 2.1 Radiation Field.- 2.2 Optical Parameters of a Volume Element.- 2.3 Radiation Transfer Equation.- 2.4 Similarity Principle and Modeling.- 2.5 Corollaries of the Optical Reciprocity Theorem.- 3 Light Scattering in Semi-Infinite Media and Plane Layers Illuminated by Infinitely Extended Plane Sources.- 3.1 Basic Equations.- 3.2 Asymptotic Regime in Deep Layers.- 3.3 Reflection from a Semi-Infinite Medium.- 3.4 Reflection and Transmission by Layers of Finite Thickness.- 3.5 Reflection and Transmission by Optically Thick Scattering Layers.- 3.6 Approximate Indicatrix Model Solutions.- 3.7 Two-Stream Approximation.- 4 Radiation Transfer in Scattering Media Illuminated by Localized Sources.- 4.1 Transfer Equation for a Narrow Beam. Spatial Radiance and Irradiance Distribution Moments.- 4.2 Local and Asymptotic Properties of Transfer Equation Solutions.- 4.3 The Diffusion Equation.- 4.4 Small-Angle Approximation.- 4.5 Small-Angle Diffusion Approximation.- 4.6 Notes on Multiple Backscattering.- 4.7 Generalized Multiple Scattering Theory Parameters and Applicability of Approximate Solutions.- 4.8 Nonstationary Radiation Field from Localized Pulsed Sources.- 5 Elements of Vision Theory.- 5.1 Image Quality Characteristics.- 5.2 Image Transfer Characteristics.- 5.3 Active Vision Systems.- 5.4 Visual Perception. Real Object Detection and Discrimination Range.- 5.5 Television and Location Target Detection Systems.- 5.6 Basic Characteristics of the Eye and Other Photodetectors.- 6 Optical Transfer Function of a Scattering Medium.- 6.1 OTF of a Homogeneous Layer.- 6.2 OTF of an Inhomogeneous Layer.- 6.3 Scattering Layer OTF along an Oblique Path. Phase Transfer Function.- 6.4 Nonlinear Distortions in Thick Scattering Layers.- 6.5 Object Image Contrast.- 6.6 The Function ? in Object Detection and Discrimination.- 7 Image Transfer in Coherent Light.- 7.1 Coherent-Holography Imaging Through a Scattering Medium.- 7.2 Comparison of Holographic and Incoherent Vision Systems.- 8 Viewing in Atmosphere.- 8.1 Optical Parameters of the Atmosphere.- 8.2 Light Source Visibility.- 8.3 Object Visibility in Sunlight.- 8.4 Vision Characteristics in Cloud and Fog.- 8.5 Viewing Through Stochastic Clouds.- 9 Underwater Vision and Location in Sea Water.- 9.1 Optical Properties of Sea Water.- 9.2 Object Visibility in Sea Water.- 9.3 Underwater Television.- 9.4 Image Transfer Through a Rough Sea Surface.- 9.5 The Range of Optical Pulsed Location in Sea Water.- 10 Image Quality Problems in Photographic Layers and Luminescent Screens.- 10.1 Optical Parameters of a Photographic Layer.- 10.2 Modulation Transfer Function of Photographic Materials.- 10.3 Optical Parameters of a Luminescent Screen.- 10.4 Modulation Transfer Function of Luminescent Screens.- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.- References.
