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Full Description
When, in 1966, the Gennan Research Society directed the attention of oceanographers in the Federal Republic of Ger many to problems of marine pollution, I was not enthusiastic. Emphasis on this problem area meant that other important research plans had to be postponed. But the lectures at the Third International Oceanographic Congress, September 1970, in Tokyo, and at the FAO Conference on Marine Pollution and its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing, December 1970, in Rome, convinced me that research on problems of marine pollution is a social obligation, and that the oceanographer has to take a stand. I issued public warnings about the continuing use of pesticides and had to defend myself against protests by the fishing industry and many colleagues who were, in Novem ber 1970, unaware of the extent of the threat. Thus, I was required by my profession to acquire an overview of the prob lems of ocean pollution. In 1971 I only needed to familiarize myself with some one hundred bibliographical items. In the interim, the flood of data has risen dramatically, and in the year 1975, no fewer than 868 publications under the heading of "Marine Pollution" were reported (Table 1). It is, therefore, more and more diffi cult to distinguish new results of scientific research from the many repetitions and variations, and I fear that from year to year my efforts to illustrate the actual status of the problem at a given moment will be subject to more gaps.
Contents
1 Introduction.- 1.1 General.- 1.2 The Definition of Pollution.- 1.3 Units of Measurement and Seawater Composition.- 2 Domestic Effluents.- 2.1 Biodegradable Organic Substances.- 2.2 Infections.- 2.3 Eutrophication.- 2.4 The Situation in the Baltic.- 2.5 Global Eutrophication?.- 2.6 Sewage Treatment Plants in Coastal Regions?.- 2.7 Detergents.- 2.8 Residual Heat.- 2.9 Gradual Coastal Changes.- 3 Industrial Effluents.- 3.1 General.- 3.2 Effluents Containing Mercury.- 3.3 Effluents from Pesticide Plants.- 4 Pollution of the Sea by Ships.- 4.1 Discharging of Wastes on the High Seas.- 4.2 Waste Acids and Ferrous Sulfate of the Titanium Pigment Industry and the Problem of the Indicator Communities.- 4.3 Discharging of Dredge Spoil and Sludge.- 4.4 Toxic Substances in Antifouling Paints.- 4.5 Garbage from Ships.- 5 Oil Pollution.- 5.1 The Composition of Petroleum.- 5.2 Fate of Oil on the Surface of the Ocean.- 5.3 Sources of Marine Pollution by Petroleum.- 5.4 Effect of Oil on Marine Life.- 5.5 Combating Oil Pollution.- 6 Radioactivity.- 6.1 Natural Background Radioactivity and Fall-out.- 6.2 Reprocessing Plants, Plutonium Plants, and Nuclear Reactors.- 6.3 Radioactive Waste.- 6.4 Effects of Radioactivity.- 7 General Problems of Harmful Substances in the Sea.- 7.1 Toxicity.- 7.2 Accumulation.- 7.3 Geochemical Processes.- 7.4 Global Considerations.- 8 Global Contamination of the Oceans by Heavy Metals.- 8.1 How Much Mercury May Be Tolerated in Fish for Human Consumption?.- 8.2 Mercury in Large Fish, Seal, and Open Sea Marine Birds.- 8.3 Mercury in the Water of the World's Oceans.- 8.4 Sources of Mercury in the Sea.- 8.5 Has Man Increased the Concentration of Mercury in the World's Oceans?.- 8.6 Contamination of the Oceans with Cadmium.- 8.7 Contamination of the Oceans withLead.- 9 Global Pollution of the Oceans with Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.- 9.1 General.- 9.2 What Quantity of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons May Be Tolerated in Marine Food for Human Consumption?.- 9.3 Ways of Transport, Transformations, and Concentrations.- 9.4 Effects of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.- 10 Laws Against the Pollution of the Oceans.- 11 Diagnosis and Therapy.- References.
