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Full Description
The electric power industry is undergoing the most profound technical, economic and organisational changes since its inception some one hundred years ago. This paradigm change is the result of the liberalisation process, stipulated by politics andfollowedupbyindustry. Formanyyearstheelectricpowerindustrywasch- acterized by a vertically integrated structure, consisting of power generation, transmission/distributionandtrading. Theliberalisationprocesshasresultedinthe unbundlingofthisorganizationalstructure. Nowgenerationandtradingareorg- ised in separate business entities, subject to competition, while the transm- sion/distribution business remains a natural monopoly. Since the trading of el- tric energy happens on two levels, the physical level and the contractual level, it has to be recognized that these two levels are completely different. However for understanding the electricity market as a network based industry both levels have to be considered and understood. The fundamental properties of electric energy areasfollows: * Electricityalwaysneedsanetworkfortransportationanddistribution.
* Electricitycannot be storedin asubstantialamount, hence production andc- sumptionhavetobematchedateachinstantoftime. * The physical transport of electricity has nothing to do with the contracts for tradingwithelectricity The role of the electric network is of prime importance within the electric energy business. Its operation is governed by physical laws. The electric network has a fixed structure consisting of different voltage levels; the higher levels are for transmission purposeswhereasthe lower levelsareused for the distributiontasks. Eachnetworkelementhasafinitecapacity,limitingtheamountofelectricitytobe transported or distributed. As a consequence of the liberalisation process the - eration of the networks has beenpushedcloser towardsitstechnicallimits. Hence thestressonthesystemisconsiderablybiggerthaninthepast. Theefficientuseof all network elements is of prime interest to the network operator because the cost constraints have also become much tighter than in the past.
Contents
FACTS-Devices and Applications.- Modeling of Multi-Functional Single Converter FACTS in Power Flow Analysis.- Modeling of Multi-Converter FACTS in Power Flow Analysis.- Modeling of FACTS-Devices in Optimal Power Flow Analysis.- Modeling of FACTS in Three-Phase Power Flow and Three-Phase OPF Analysis.- Steady State Power System Voltage Stability Analysis and Control with FACTS.- Steady State Voltage Stability of Unbalanced Three-Phase Power Systems.- Congestion Management and Loss Optimization with FACTS.- Non-Intrusive System Control of FACTS.- Autonomous Systems for Emergency and Stability Control of FACTS.- Wide Area Control of FACTS.- Modeling of Power Systems for Small Signal Stability Analysis with FACTS.- Linear Control Design and Simulation of Power System Stability with FACTS.
