基本説明
Describes our current understanding of the transport of ions, amino acids, nucleosides, sugars, water and gases across the red blood cell membrane.
Full Description
The red cell has been a focus for scientific and medical investigation since the ear liest times. A higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate was associated with diseases (usually pyrexias) before the thermometer was invented. Furthermore, ever since the early observers Swammerdam and Leeuvenhoek saw discrete corpuscles in samples of blood using the first microscopes, there has been a significant scientific interest in the structure and function of red blood cells. The later discovery that red cells were not spherical, but biconcave discs introduced a scientific puzzle which is still not completely resolved today, and identified the need for a detailed knowledge of the plasma membrane composition and structure, and its interaction with the cytoskeleton. Important concepts like the lipid bilayer, together with its more recent refinement as asymmetric in phospholipid composition led to the identification of translocases involved in actively maintaining its composition. Understanding the mechanics of red cell deformation as these biconcave discs traverse capillaries was advanced by the pioneering work of Rand and Burton in the Sixties, and progressed by Evans, Skalak and others. Based on the bilayer couple hypothesis, the shape changes that are possible for a human red cell from echinocyte to stomatocyte were described by Sheetz and Singer in the Seventies in terms of alterations in the individual halves of the bilayer. Certain clinical condi tions are associated with obvious changes in red cell morphology.
Contents
1 Distribution and Movement of Membrane Lipids.- 2 Membrane Lipids and Proteins as a Basis of Red Cell Shape and its Alterations.- 3 Human Red Cell Shape and the Mechanical Characteristics of the Membrane.- 4 Passive Membrane Permeability for Ions and the Membrane Potential.- 5 Na+/K+ Pump.- 6 Ion Channels.- 7 The Swelling-Sensitive Osmolyte Channel.- 8 Na+-K+-2Cl- Cotransport.- 9 K+-Cl- Cotransport in Vertebrate Red Cells.- 10 The Band 3 Protein: Anion Exchanger and Anion-Proton Cotransporter.- 11 Band 3 Mediated Transport.- 12 Amino Acid Transport.- 13 Equilibrative Nucleoside Transport Proteins.- 14 Glucose Transport.- 15 Calcium Homeostasis in Normal and Abnormal Human Red Cells.- 16 Magnesium Transport.- 17 Trace Metal Transport.- 18 Monocarboxylate and other Organic Anion Transport.- 19 Water Permeability.- 20 Gas Transport.- 21 'The Hereditary Stomatocytosis and Allied Conditions': Inherited Disorders Na+ and K+ Transport.- 22 Metabolic Disorders.- 23 Sickle Cell Disease.- 24 The Membrane Physiology of the 'Malaria-Infected' Red Cell.- 25 Hypertension.- 26 Disorders of Band 3.- 27 Amino Acid Transport in Disease.- 28 Transgenic Models of Red Cell Disorders.- 29 Red Cell Ageing.- 30 Active and Passive Monovalent Ion Transport Association with Membrane Antigens in Sheep Red Cells: a Molecular Riddle.- 31 Comparative Physiology of Red Cell Membrane Transport.
