基本説明
The authors provide an assessment of the role of snow and ice in the global water balance, and methods of snow measurements are detailed.
Full Description
Initially, the role of snow and ice in the global water balance is assessed and methods of snow measurements are explained. Remote sensing is dealt with with regard to periodical snow cover mapping. Last advances and refinements refer to spatial resolution, cloud interference and separate monitoring of snow and glacier ice. Following a review of snow melt and runoff modelling, the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) demonstrates the merits of remote sensing in snow hydrology by using the satellite data as a direct input variable. Applications in over 100 mountain basins around the world are documented, with surface areas ranging from 0.3 km2 to 900.000 km2. Based on runoff modelling, runoff forecasts are dealt with including seasonal and short term forecasts as well as computation of hydrographs from forecasted temperatures and precipitation. The climate change is becoming a major concern of our times. The effect of various climate scenarios on the seasonal snow cover and runoff is evaluated by the updated computer program which also enable the real-time runoff forecasts to be improved. As a final note, a method is outlined to predict the decline of glaciers in the warming climate.
Contents
Snow and ice in the global water balance.- Snow measurements, remote sensing of snow.- Seasonal snow cover and runoff.- Aerial extent of the seasonal snow cover.- Snow cover mapping based on remote sensing satellite data.- Snowmelt runoff models.- Runoff modelling in glacierized basins.- Snowmelt runoff forecasts.- Runoff simulations in ungauged basins.- Modelling the snow cover and runoff in a changed climate.- SRM computer program.- References.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.
