Full Description
The study of polymers by electron microscopy (EM) needs special techniques, precautions and preparation methods, including ultramicrotomy. General characteristics of the different techniques of EM, including scanning force microscopy, are given in this hands-on book. The application of these techniques to the study of morphology and properties, particularly micromechanical properties, is described in detail. Examples from all classes of polymers are presented.
Contents
Techniques of Electron Microscopy.- Overview of Techniques.- Transmission Electron Microscopy: Fundamentals of Methods and Instrumentation.- Transmission Electron Microscopy: Conventional and Special Investigations of Polymers.- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).- Atomic Force Microscopy.- In Situ Microscopy.- Image Processing and Image Analysis.- Preparation Techniques.- Problems Associated with the Electron Microscopy of Polymers.- Preparation of Surfaces.- Preparation of Thin Sections: (Cryo)ultramicrotomy and (Cryo)microtomy.- Special Preparation Techniques.- Preparation for (In Situ) Deformation Tests.- Contrast Enhancement.- Main Groups of Polymers.- Structural Hierarchy of Polymers.- Amorphous Polymers.- Semicrystalline Polymers.- Polymer Blends.- High-Impact Rubber-Modified Polymers.- Block Copolymers.- Rubbers and Elastomers.- Polymer Composites.- Polymer Nanocomposites.- Biomaterials.- Special Processing Forms.
