Full Description
The aim of this work was not an exhaustive review of all pediatric echo graphic problems but a presentation of our daily experience with ultrasonography in pediatric practice. Several teams of pediatric radiologists from France and Belgium have combined their experiences to produce a practical book. The different authors have been chosen for their specific experience and their special area of work. The different chapters express therefore personal opinions. Unresolved questions are posed and ultrasonographic examinations are used in the diagnosis of different diseases, while the discoveries and ideas of the individual authors are described. Some fields are not included, such as echocardiography. Gabriel Kalifa Contents Chapter 1. Antenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasonography ...1 ...Introduction ...1 2 Ultrasonography of a Normal Pregnancy ...1 2.1 Timing of Successive Examinations...1 2.2 Normal Fetal Anatomy...3 2.2.1 Central Nervous System ...3 2.2.2 Chest...3 2.2.3 Abdomen...3 2.2.4 Skeletal System ...3 ...
Contents
1. Antenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasonography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Ultrasonography of a Normal Pregnancy.- 2.1 Timing of Successive Examinations.- 2.2 Normal Fetal Anatomy.- 2.2.1 Central Nervous System.- 2.2.2 Chest.- 2.2.3 Abdomen.- 2.2.4 Skeletal System.- 2.2.5 Gender.- 2.3 Conclusions from Examinations.- 3 Abnormal Pregnancies.- 3.1 Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- 3.2 Fetal Anatomical Malformations.- 3.2.1 Central Nervous System (CNS).- 3.2.1.1 Malformations Associated with Small Biparietal.- 3.2.1.2 Malformation Associated with Normal or Increased BPD.- 3.2.2 Chest and Neck.- 3.2.3 Abdomen.- 3.2.3.1 Urinary Masses.- 3.2.3.2 Other Urinary Tract Anomalies.- 3.2.3.3 Digestive Masses.- 3.2.3.4 Other Abdominal Masses.- 3.2.3.5 Abdominal Wall Anomalies.- 3.2.3.6 Ascites and Hydrocele.- 3.2.4 Musculoskeletal System.- 3.2.5 Soft Tissue Masses.- 4 What to do in Case of Fetal Malformation.- 5 Implications of the Diagnosis.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Ultrasonography of the Head in Infancy.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Instruments.- 2.1 Examination Technique and Practical Considerations.- 3 Normal Echoencephalographic Anatomy.- 4 Cerebral Hemorrhages.- 4.1 Subependymal Hemorrhage.- 4.2 Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 4.3 Intracerebral Hematoma.- 4.4 Subdural Hematoma.- 4.5 Indications and Limitations.- 5 Cerebral Infectious Pathology.- 5.1 Postmeningitis Communicating Hydrocephalus.- 5.2 Ventriculitis.- 5.3 Cerebral Abscess.- 6 Intracranial Tumor Pathology.- 6.1 Structure, Boundary, and Dimensions.- 6.2 Topography.- 6.3 Impact of the Tumor and Accompanying Phenomena.- 7 Cerebral Malformations.- 7.1 Midline Facial Malformations.- 7.2 Midline Cerebral Malformations.- 7.3 Indications for US Examination.- 7.4 US and Myelomeningocele.- 7.4.1 Ventricular Dilatation.- 7.4.2 Diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari Malformation.- 7.4.3 Follow-up of Shunt Function.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Cervical Echography.- 1 Technique and Normal Anatomy.- 1.1 Technique.- 1.2 Normal Echographic Anatomy.- 2 Thyroid Pathology.- 2.1 Goiter.- 2.1.1 Pubertal Goiter.- 2.1.2 Endemic Goiter.- 2.1.3 Family-Linked Goiter, Hereditary Due to Hormonogenesis Disorders.- 2.1.4 Goiter in the Newborn.- 2.1.5 Sporadic Goiter.- 2.2 Thyroiditis.- 2.3 Thyroid Nodule.- 2.4 Echography's Contribution During Thyroid Dysfunctions.- 2.4.1 In Hypothyroids.- 2.4.2 In Hyperthyroids.- 3 Parathyroid Pathology.- 4 Other Cervical Masses.- 4.1 Cysts of the Thyroglossal Tract.- 4.2 Branchial Cysts.- 4.3 Cystic Lymphangiomas.- 4.4 Malignant Cervical Tumors Exterior to the Thyroid.- 4.5 Other Masses.- References.- 4. Chest.- 1 Material.- 2 Technique.- 3 Indications.- 3.1 Opacification of a Hemithorax.- 3.2 Pleural Effusions.- 3.3 Analysis of Lesions of the Chest Wall, Parenchyma and Mediastinum.- 3.4 Diaphragm and Juxta Diaphragmatic Regions.- 3.5 Diagnosis of Heart Lesions.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Intraperitoneal Pathology -1. Antenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasonography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Ultrasonography of a Normal Pregnancy.- 2.1 Timing of Successive Examinations.- 2.2 Normal Fetal Anatomy.- 2.2.1 Central Nervous System.- 2.2.2 Chest.- 2.2.3 Abdomen.- 2.2.4 Skeletal System.- 2.2.5 Gender.- 2.3 Conclusions from Examinations.- 3 Abnormal Pregnancies.- 3.1 Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- 3.2 Fetal Anatomical Malformations.- 3.2.1 Central Nervous System (CNS).- 3.2.1.1 Malformations Associated with Small Biparietal.- 3.2.1.2 Malformation Associated with Normal or Increased BPD.- 3.2.2 Chest and Neck.- 3.2.3 Abdomen.- 3.2.3.1 Urinary Masses.- 3.2.3.2 Other Urinary Tract Anomalies.- 3.2.3.3 Digestive Masses.- 3.2.3.4 Other Abdominal Masses.- 3.2.3.5 Abdominal Wall Anomalies.- 3.2.3.6 Ascites and Hydrocele.- 3.2.4 Musculoskeletal System.- 3.2.5 Soft Tissue Masses.- 4 What to do in Case of Fetal Malformation.- 5 Implications of the Diagnosis.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Ultrasonography of the Head in Infancy.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Instruments.- 2.1 Examination Technique and Practical Considerations.- 3 Normal Echoencephalographic Anatomy.- 4 Cerebral Hemorrhages.- 4.1 Subependymal Hemorrhage.- 4.2 Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 4.3 Intracerebral Hematoma.- 4.4 Subdural Hematoma.- 4.5 Indications and Limitations.- 5 Cerebral Infectious Pathology.- 5.1 Postmeningitis Communicating Hydrocephalus.- 5.2 Ventriculitis.- 5.3 Cerebral Abscess.- 6 Intracranial Tumor Pathology.- 6.1 Structure, Boundary, and Dimensions.- 6.2 Topography.- 6.3 Impact of the Tumor and Accompanying Phenomena.- 7 Cerebral Malformations.- 7.1 Midline Facial Malformations.- 7.2 Midline Cerebral Malformations.- 7.3 Indications for US Examination.- 7.4 US and Myelomeningocele.- 7.4.1 Ventricular Dilatation.- 7.4.2 Diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari Malformation.- 7.4.3 Follow-up of Shunt Function.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Cervical Echography.- 1 Technique and Normal Anatomy.- 1.1 Technique.- 1.2 Normal Echographic Anatomy.- 2 Thyroid Pathology.- 2.1 Goiter.- 2.1.1 Pubertal Goiter.- 2.1.2 Endemic Goiter.- 2.1.3 Family-Linked Goiter, Hereditary Due to Hormonogenesis Disorders.- 2.1.4 Goiter in the Newborn.- 2.1.5 Sporadic Goiter.- 2.2 Thyroiditis.- 2.3 Thyroid Nodule.- 2.4 Echography's Contribution During Thyroid Dysfunctions.- 2.4.1 In Hypothyroids.- 2.4.2 In Hyperthyroids.- 3 Parathyroid Pathology.- 4 Other Cervical Masses.- 4.1 Cysts of the Thyroglossal Tract.- 4.2 Branchial Cysts.- 4.3 Cystic Lymphangiomas.- 4.4 Malignant Cervical Tumors Exterior to the Thyroid.- 4.5 Other Masses.- References.- 4. Chest.- 1 Material.- 2 Technique.- 3 Indications.- 3.1 Opacification of a Hemithorax.- 3.2 Pleural Effusions.- 3.3 Analysis of Lesions of the Chest Wall, Parenchyma and Mediastinum.- 3.4 Diaphragm and Juxta Diaphragmatic Regions.- 3.5 Diagnosis of Heart Lesions.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Intraperitoneal Pathology - Abdominal Trauma.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Preparation and Technique.- 3 Diagnosis of an Abdominal Mass.- 3.1 Assessing the Intraperitoneal Location of the Mass.- 3.2 Analyzing the Ultrasonic Characteristics of the Mass.- 3.2.1 The Mass is Echogenic.- 3.2.2 The Mass is Anechoic or Hypoechoic but Homogeneous.- 3.2.3 The Mass has Characteristics of a Modified Digestive Structure.- 4 Acute Abdominal Pain with High Temperature.- 4.1 When to Look for an Abscess.- 4.2 What to Look for.- 4.3 Where to Look for an Abscess.- 5 Abdominal Trauma.- 5.1 Where to Look for a Hematoma.- 5.2 Evolution of the Hematoma.- 6 Some Specific Indications.- 6.1 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS).- 6.1.1 When to Look for the Pyloric Olive.- 6.1.2 What to Look for.- 6.1.3 Where to Look for the Olive.- 6.2 Acute Intestinal Intussusception.- 6.3 Survey of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts.- References.- 6. Liver, Biliary Tract, and Spleen.- 1 Normal Anatomy on US.- 1.1 Longitudinal Scan Through the Aorta.- 1.2 Longitudinal Scan Through the IVC.- 1.3 Subcostal Obligue Scan Through the Confluence of the Hepatic Vein.- 1.4 Subcostal Obligue Scan Through the Portal Bifurcation.- 1.5 Scan Along the Portal Trunk Axis.- 1.6 Gallbladder.- 1.7 Hepatic Parenchyma.- 1.8 Spleen.- 1.9 Extrahepatic Portal System.- 2 Portal Hypertension.- 2.1 Material.- 2.2 US Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension.- 2.3 Echographic and Fibroscopic Correlations.- 2.4 Discussion.- 2.5 Etiologic Diagnoses.- 2.5.1 Portal Obstruction or Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein.- 2.5.2 Budd Chiari Syndrome.- 2.5.3 Intrahepatic Blocks.- 2.5.4 Cirrhoses.- 2.6 Natural Splenorenal Anastomosis.- 2.7 Postoperative US Examination.- 2.7.1 Technique.- 2.7.1.1 Terminolateral Portocaval Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.2 Splenorenal Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.3 Iliomesentericocaval Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.4 Mesentericocaval Anastomoses with Jugular Vein Graft.- 2.7.2 Patent Postosystemic Anastomoses.- 2.7.2.1 Thickness of the Lesser Omentum.- 2.7.2.2 Gastroesophageal Collaterals.- 2.7.2.3 Hepatopetal Collaterals.- 2.7.2.4 Diameter of the IVC.- 2.7.2.5 Thrombosed Portocaval Anastomoses.- 2.8 Conclusion.- 3 Hepatic Tumors.- 3.1 Benign Tumors.- 3.1.1 Angiomas.- 3.1.1.1 Localized Tumors.- 3.1.1.2 Multinodular Angiomas.- 3.1.2 Hamartomas.- 3.1.3 Hepatic Adenomas.- 3.1.4 Cystic Tumors.- 3.1.5 Hydatid Cysts.- 3.2 Malignant Tumors.- 3.2.1 Hepatoblastoma.- 3.2.2 Hepatocarcinoma.- 3.2.3 Pepper Syndrome.- 3.2.4 Hepatic Metastases.- 4 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases.- 4.1 Liver Abscesses.- 4.2 Hepatitis.- 5 Metabolic Diseases.- 5.1 Glycogen Storage Disease.- 5.2 Other Metabolic Disorders.- 6 Abdominal Traumatism.- 7 Cardiac Liver.- 8 Splenomegaly.- 8.1 Isolated Splenomegaly.- 8.2 Splenic Tumors.- 8.2.1 Benign Tumors.- 8.2.2 Malignant Tumors.- 9 Biliary Tract.- 9.1 Cholestatic Jaundice.- 9.1.1 Cholestasis in Newborns and Infants.- 9.1.2 Cholestasis in Childhood.- 9.2 Gallbladder Disease.- 9.2.1 Cholelithiasis.- 9.2.2 Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder.- 9.2.3 Acute Cholecystitis.- 9.3 Diagnostic Policy.- References.- 7. Pancreas.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Measurements.- 3 Pancreatitis.- 3.1 Iatrogenic Medical Pancreatitis.- 3.1.1 Asparaginase.- 3.2 Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Scho1. Antenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasonography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Ultrasonography of a Normal Pregnancy.- 2.1 Timing of Successive Examinations.- 2.2 Normal Fetal Anatomy.- 2.2.1 Central Nervous System.- 2.2.2 Chest.- 2.2.3 Abdomen.- 2.2.4 Skeletal System.- 2.2.5 Gender.- 2.3 Conclusions from Examinations.- 3 Abnormal Pregnancies.- 3.1 Intrauterine Growth Retardation.- 3.2 Fetal Anatomical Malformations.- 3.2.1 Central Nervous System (CNS).- 3.2.1.1 Malformations Associated with Small Biparietal.- 3.2.1.2 Malformation Associated with Normal or Increased BPD.- 3.2.2 Chest and Neck.- 3.2.3 Abdomen.- 3.2.3.1 Urinary Masses.- 3.2.3.2 Other Urinary Tract Anomalies.- 3.2.3.3 Digestive Masses.- 3.2.3.4 Other Abdominal Masses.- 3.2.3.5 Abdominal Wall Anomalies.- 3.2.3.6 Ascites and Hydrocele.- 3.2.4 Musculoskeletal System.- 3.2.5 Soft Tissue Masses.- 4 What to do in Case of Fetal Malformation.- 5 Implications of the Diagnosis.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Ultrasonography of the Head in Infancy.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Instruments.- 2.1 Examination Technique and Practical Considerations.- 3 Normal Echoencephalographic Anatomy.- 4 Cerebral Hemorrhages.- 4.1 Subependymal Hemorrhage.- 4.2 Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 4.3 Intracerebral Hematoma.- 4.4 Subdural Hematoma.- 4.5 Indications and Limitations.- 5 Cerebral Infectious Pathology.- 5.1 Postmeningitis Communicating Hydrocephalus.- 5.2 Ventriculitis.- 5.3 Cerebral Abscess.- 6 Intracranial Tumor Pathology.- 6.1 Structure, Boundary, and Dimensions.- 6.2 Topography.- 6.3 Impact of the Tumor and Accompanying Phenomena.- 7 Cerebral Malformations.- 7.1 Midline Facial Malformations.- 7.2 Midline Cerebral Malformations.- 7.3 Indications for US Examination.- 7.4 US and Myelomeningocele.- 7.4.1 Ventricular Dilatation.- 7.4.2 Diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari Malformation.- 7.4.3 Follow-up of Shunt Function.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 3. Cervical Echography.- 1 Technique and Normal Anatomy.- 1.1 Technique.- 1.2 Normal Echographic Anatomy.- 2 Thyroid Pathology.- 2.1 Goiter.- 2.1.1 Pubertal Goiter.- 2.1.2 Endemic Goiter.- 2.1.3 Family-Linked Goiter, Hereditary Due to Hormonogenesis Disorders.- 2.1.4 Goiter in the Newborn.- 2.1.5 Sporadic Goiter.- 2.2 Thyroiditis.- 2.3 Thyroid Nodule.- 2.4 Echography's Contribution During Thyroid Dysfunctions.- 2.4.1 In Hypothyroids.- 2.4.2 In Hyperthyroids.- 3 Parathyroid Pathology.- 4 Other Cervical Masses.- 4.1 Cysts of the Thyroglossal Tract.- 4.2 Branchial Cysts.- 4.3 Cystic Lymphangiomas.- 4.4 Malignant Cervical Tumors Exterior to the Thyroid.- 4.5 Other Masses.- References.- 4. Chest.- 1 Material.- 2 Technique.- 3 Indications.- 3.1 Opacification of a Hemithorax.- 3.2 Pleural Effusions.- 3.3 Analysis of Lesions of the Chest Wall, Parenchyma and Mediastinum.- 3.4 Diaphragm and Juxta Diaphragmatic Regions.- 3.5 Diagnosis of Heart Lesions.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Intraperitoneal Pathology - Abdominal Trauma.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Preparation and Technique.- 3 Diagnosis of an Abdominal Mass.- 3.1 Assessing the Intraperitoneal Location of the Mass.- 3.2 Analyzing the Ultrasonic Characteristics of the Mass.- 3.2.1 The Mass is Echogenic.- 3.2.2 The Mass is Anechoic or Hypoechoic but Homogeneous.- 3.2.3 The Mass has Characteristics of a Modified Digestive Structure.- 4 Acute Abdominal Pain with High Temperature.- 4.1 When to Look for an Abscess.- 4.2 What to Look for.- 4.3 Where to Look for an Abscess.- 5 Abdominal Trauma.- 5.1 Where to Look for a Hematoma.- 5.2 Evolution of the Hematoma.- 6 Some Specific Indications.- 6.1 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS).- 6.1.1 When to Look for the Pyloric Olive.- 6.1.2 What to Look for.- 6.1.3 Where to Look for the Olive.- 6.2 Acute Intestinal Intussusception.- 6.3 Survey of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts.- References.- 6. Liver, Biliary Tract, and Spleen.- 1 Normal Anatomy on US.- 1.1 Longitudinal Scan Through the Aorta.- 1.2 Longitudinal Scan Through the IVC.- 1.3 Subcostal Obligue Scan Through the Confluence of the Hepatic Vein.- 1.4 Subcostal Obligue Scan Through the Portal Bifurcation.- 1.5 Scan Along the Portal Trunk Axis.- 1.6 Gallbladder.- 1.7 Hepatic Parenchyma.- 1.8 Spleen.- 1.9 Extrahepatic Portal System.- 2 Portal Hypertension.- 2.1 Material.- 2.2 US Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension.- 2.3 Echographic and Fibroscopic Correlations.- 2.4 Discussion.- 2.5 Etiologic Diagnoses.- 2.5.1 Portal Obstruction or Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein.- 2.5.2 Budd Chiari Syndrome.- 2.5.3 Intrahepatic Blocks.- 2.5.4 Cirrhoses.- 2.6 Natural Splenorenal Anastomosis.- 2.7 Postoperative US Examination.- 2.7.1 Technique.- 2.7.1.1 Terminolateral Portocaval Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.2 Splenorenal Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.3 Iliomesentericocaval Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.4 Mesentericocaval Anastomoses with Jugular Vein Graft.- 2.7.2 Patent Postosystemic Anastomoses.- 2.7.2.1 Thickness of the Lesser Omentum.- 2.7.2.2 Gastroesophageal Collaterals.- 2.7.2.3 Hepatopetal Collaterals.- 2.7.2.4 Diameter of the IVC.- 2.7.2.5 Thrombosed Portocaval Anastomoses.- 2.8 Conclusion.- 3 Hepatic Tumors.- 3.1 Benign Tumors.- 3.1.1 Angiomas.- 3.1.1.1 Localized Tumors.- 3.1.1.2 Multinodular Angiomas.- 3.1.2 Hamartomas.- 3.1.3 Hepatic Adenomas.- 3.1.4 Cystic Tumors.- 3.1.5 Hydatid Cysts.- 3.2 Malignant Tumors.- 3.2.1 Hepatoblastoma.- 3.2.2 Hepatocarcinoma.- 3.2.3 Pepper Syndrome.- 3.2.4 Hepatic Metastases.- 4 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases.- 4.1 Liver Abscesses.- 4.2 Hepatitis.- 5 Metabolic Diseases.- 5.1 Glycogen Storage Disease.- 5.2 Other Metabolic Disorders.- 6 Abdominal Traumatism.- 7 Cardiac Liver.- 8 Splenomegaly.- 8.1 Isolated Splenomegaly.- 8.2 Splenic Tumors.- 8.2.1 Benign Tumors.- 8.2.2 Malignant Tumors.- 9 Biliary Tract.- 9.1 Cholestatic Jaundice.- 9.1.1 Cholestasis in Newborns and Infants.- 9.1.2 Cholestasis in Childhood.- 9.2 Gallbladder Disease.- 9.2.1 Cholelithiasis.- 9.2.2 Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder.- 9.2.3 Acute Cholecystitis.- 9.3 Diagnostic Policy.- References.- 7. Pancreas.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Measurements.- 3 Pancreatitis.- 3.1 Iatrogenic Medical Pancreatitis.- 3.1.1 Asparaginase.- 3.2 Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Scho Abdominal Trauma.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Preparation and Technique.- 3 Diagnosis of an Abdominal Mass.- 3.1 Assessing the Intraperitoneal Location of the Mass.- 3.2 Analyzing the Ultrasonic Characteristics of the Mass.- 3.2.1 The Mass is Echogenic.- 3.2.2 The Mass is Anechoic or Hypoechoic but Homogeneous.- 3.2.3 The Mass has Characteristics of a Modified Digestive Structure.- 4 Acute Abdominal Pain with High Temperature.- 4.1 When to Look for an Abscess.- 4.2 What to Look for.- 4.3 Where to Look for an Abscess.- 5 Abdominal Trauma.- 5.1 Where to Look for a Hematoma.- 5.2 Evolution of the Hematoma.- 6 Some Specific Indications.- 6.1 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS).- 6.1.1 When to Look for the Pyloric Olive.- 6.1.2 What to Look for.- 6.1.3 Where to Look for the Olive.- 6.2 Acute Intestinal Intussusception.- 6.3 Survey of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts.- References.- 6. Liver, Biliary Tract, and Spleen.- 1 Normal Anatomy on US.- 1.1 Longitudinal Scan Through the Aorta.- 1.2 Longitudinal Scan Through the IVC.- 1.3 Subcostal Obligue Scan Through the Confluence of the Hepatic Vein.- 1.4 Subcostal Obligue Scan Through the Portal Bifurcation.- 1.5 Scan Along the Portal Trunk Axis.- 1.6 Gallbladder.- 1.7 Hepatic Parenchyma.- 1.8 Spleen.- 1.9 Extrahepatic Portal System.- 2 Portal Hypertension.- 2.1 Material.- 2.2 US Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension.- 2.3 Echographic and Fibroscopic Correlations.- 2.4 Discussion.- 2.5 Etiologic Diagnoses.- 2.5.1 Portal Obstruction or Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein.- 2.5.2 Budd Chiari Syndrome.- 2.5.3 Intrahepatic Blocks.- 2.5.4 Cirrhoses.- 2.6 Natural Splenorenal Anastomosis.- 2.7 Postoperative US Examination.- 2.7.1 Technique.- 2.7.1.1 Terminolateral Portocaval Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.2 Splenorenal Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.3 Iliomesentericocaval Anastomoses.- 2.7.1.4 Mesentericocaval Anastomoses with Jugular Vein Graft.- 2.7.2 Patent Postosystemic Anastomoses.- 2.7.2.1 Thickness of the Lesser Omentum.- 2.7.2.2 Gastroesophageal Collaterals.- 2.7.2.3 Hepatopetal Collaterals.- 2.7.2.4 Diameter of the IVC.- 2.7.2.5 Thrombosed Portocaval Anastomoses.- 2.8 Conclusion.- 3 Hepatic Tumors.- 3.1 Benign Tumors.- 3.1.1 Angiomas.- 3.1.1.1 Localized Tumors.- 3.1.1.2 Multinodular Angiomas.- 3.1.2 Hamartomas.- 3.1.3 Hepatic Adenomas.- 3.1.4 Cystic Tumors.- 3.1.5 Hydatid Cysts.- 3.2 Malignant Tumors.- 3.2.1 Hepatoblastoma.- 3.2.2 Hepatocarcinoma.- 3.2.3 Pepper Syndrome.- 3.2.4 Hepatic Metastases.- 4 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases.- 4.1 Liver Abscesses.- 4.2 Hepatitis.- 5 Metabolic Diseases.- 5.1 Glycogen Storage Disease.- 5.2 Other Metabolic Disorders.- 6 Abdominal Traumatism.- 7 Cardiac Liver.- 8 Splenomegaly.- 8.1 Isolated Splenomegaly.- 8.2 Splenic Tumors.- 8.2.1 Benign Tumors.- 8.2.2 Malignant Tumors.- 9 Biliary Tract.- 9.1 Cholestatic Jaundice.- 9.1.1 Cholestasis in Newborns and Infants.- 9.1.2 Cholestasis in Childhood.- 9.2 Gallbladder Disease.- 9.2.1 Cholelithiasis.- 9.2.2 Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder.- 9.2.3 Acute Cholecystitis.- 9.3 Diagnostic Policy.- References.- 7. Pancreas.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Measurements.- 3 Pancreatitis.- 3.1 Iatrogenic Medical Pancreatitis.- 3.1.1 Asparaginase.- 3.2 Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Schonlein-Henoch Allergic Purpura.- 3.3 Familial Pancreatitis.- 4 Exocrine Pancreas Insufficiency.- 4.1 Cystic Fibrosis.- 4.2 Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome.- 5 Traumatic Pseudocysts.- 6 Pancreatic Tumors.- 7 Conclusion.- References.- 8. Urinary Tract Abnormalities.- 1 Investigation of the Urinary Tract.- 2 The Normal Kidney.- 3 Aplasia, Ectopia, and Fused Kidneys.- 3.1 Aplasia and Ectopia.- 3.2 Fused Kidneys.- 4 Malformative Uropathies.- 4.1 Multicystic Dysplasia.- 4.1.1 Pseudotumoral form.- 4.1.2 Hypoplastic Forms.- 4.2 Hydronephrosis.- 4.2.1 Moderate Hydronephrosis.- 4.2.2 More Significant Hydronephrosis.- 4.2.3 Severe Hydronephrosis.- 4.2.4 The Differential Diagnosis.- 4.3 Ureterohydronephrosis.- 4.4 Bladder Outlet Obstruction.- 4.4.1 The Bladder.- 4.4.2 The Consequences of Bladder Outlet Obstruction on the Upper Urinary Tract.- 4.4.3 Possible Etiologies.- 4.5 Duplication of the Excretory Tract.- References.- 9. Ultrasound in Pediatric Nephrology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Technical Considerations and Normal Anatomy.- 3 Acute Renal Failure.- 3.1 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS).- 3.2 Renal Vein Thrombosis (RVT).- 3.3 Shock Kidneys (9 cases).- 3.4 Acute Tubulonephritis.- 3.5 Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) (44 cases) and Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) (57 cases).- 3.6 Renal Agenesis (Potter Syndrome).- 3.7 Urinary Obstruction.- 4 Chronic Renal Failure.- 4.1 Renal Hypoplasia (68 cases).- 4.2 End-Stage Kidneys.- 4.3 Glomerular Diseases.- 4.4 Chronic Pyelonephritis.- 4.5 Cystic Hereditary Diseases.- 4.5.1 Recessive Polycystic Kidneys (RPK).- 4.5.2 Dominant Polycystic Kidneys.- 4.5.3 Hereditary Syndromes with Renal Cysts.- 4.5.4 Juvenile Nephronophtisis.- 4.5.5 Unclassified Hereditary Cystic Disease.- 4.6 Miscellaneous Conditions.- 4.6.1 Renal Artery Thrombosis.- 4.6.2 Nephrocalcinosis.- 4.6.3 Nephromegalies.- 4.6.4 Cystinosis (8 cases).- 4.6.5 Corticomedullary and Perimedullary Dotted Line.- 4.6.6 Transient Anuria in the Newborn.- 4.6.7 Acute Bacterial Focal Nephritis (3 cases).- 4.6.8 Kidney Transplant.- References.- 10. Retroperitoneal Tumors.- 1 Material.- 2 Technical Aspects.- 3 Malignant Tumors.- 3.1 Wilms' Tumor.- 3.1.1 Bilateral Wilms' Tumors (12 cases).- 3.1.2 Nephroblastomatosis (6 cases).- 3.2 Neuroblastoma.- 3.3 Other Malignant Renal Tumors.- 3.4 Other Malignant Extrarenal Tumors.- 4 Benign Tumors.- 4.1 Tumors of the Kidney.- 4.2 Extrarenal Tumors.- 5 Differential Diagnosis.- References.- 11. Pelvic Echography.- 1 Technique.- 2 Normal Echographic Anatomy.- 3 Sexual Ambiguities.- 4 Precocious Puberty.- 5 Delayed Puberty.- 6 Menstrual Problems.- 6.1 Primary Amenorrhea.- 6.2 Secondary Amenorrhea.- 6.3 Stein-Leventhal Syndrome.- 6.4 Endometriosis.- 7 Pelvic Masses.- 7.1 Pelvic Neonatal Masses.- 7.2 Pelvic Masses Outside the Neonatal Period.- 8 Congenital Malformations.- References.- 12. Ultrasound of the Scrotum.- 1 Technique.- 2 Material.- 3 Comments.- References.- 13. Ultrasound of the Spine.- 1 Technical Aspects.- 2 Results.- References.
