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Discover the energy, environment, and biomedical applications of iron-group nanomaterials
Iron-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, Structure, and Applications explains the development of low-cost, high-performance materials for sustainable energy conversion and environmental remediation. Written by an expert in iron-group metal-based electrocatalyst design, this comprehensive monograph systematically covers iron, cobalt, and nickel compound nanomaterials, integrating foundational synthesis principles with cutting-edge applications.
The book explores synthesis strategies including hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods, advanced characterization techniques such as XRD and XPS, and structural regulation across multiple dimensions from quantum dots to hierarchical architectures. Coverage spans energy storage systems including batteries and supercapacitors, electrocatalytic reactions for water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction, photocatalytic solar conversion, biomass upgrading, environmental pollutant degradation, and biomedical applications like targeted drug delivery and tumor therapy.
Readers will find:
Detailed synthesis methods for oxides, sulfides, phosphides, nitrides, and selenides with morphology control and defect engineering strategies
Multi-scale characterization techniques correlating crystal structure, electronic properties, and surface chemistry with electrochemical performance and catalytic activity
Performance optimization strategies for batteries and supercapacitors including capacity enhancement, cycle stability improvement, and rate performance advancement
Electrocatalyst design principles for hydrogen production, oxygen evolution, carbon dioxide conversion, and nitrogen reduction with mechanism analysis
Integration of experimental approaches with theoretical calculations including density functional theory and machine learning for materials discovery
This essential reference serves materials scientists, energy chemists, environmental engineers, and battery technologists seeking comprehensive guidance from material design to practical deployment. The book provides foundational insights for newcomers while inspiring innovative directions for experienced researchers advancing sustainable technologies.
Contents
About this Book xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Abbreviations and Symbols xxi
Part I Fundamentals of Iron-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Background and Significance of Iron-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 3
1.1.1 Fundamental Properties of Iron-Group Metals 3
1.1.2 Energy Innovation and Green Environmental Protection 4
1.1.3 Interdisciplinary Research Value and Industrial Application Potential 4
1.2 Classification and Structural Features of Iron-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 5
1.2.1 (Hydro)oxide Nanomaterials 6
1.2.2 Sulfide and Phosphide Nanomaterials 7
1.2.3 Nitride and Carbide Nanomaterials 8
1.2.4 High-Entropy and Coordination Compound Nanomaterials 9
1.2.5 Structure-Activity Relationship Between Structural Features and Performance 9
1.3 Significance of Iron-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Energy, Environment, and Catalysis Fields 10
1.3.1 Application Significance in Energy Field 11
1.3.2 Application Significance in Environmental Field 12
1.3.3 Application Significance in Catalysis Field 13
1.4 Challenges and Research Motivations 14
1.4.1 Main Challenges 14
1.4.2 Research Motivations and Development Directions 15
2 Preparations of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 19
2.1 Precipitation/Coprecipitation Method 20
2.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis 24
2.3 Impregnation Method 27
2.4 Sol-Gel Method 32
2.5 Electrodeposition Method 35
2.6 Gas-Phase Deposition Method 37
2.6.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 37
2.6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 39
2.7 Template Method 42
2.8 High-Temperature Pyrolysis Method 44
2.9 Ion Exchange Method 46
2.10 Joule Heating Method 48
3 Characterizations of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 XRD 59
3.2.1 Basic Principles 60
3.2.2 Applications of X-Ray Diffraction Technology in Material Analysis 60
3.3 SEM 63
3.3.1 Fundamental Principles 64
3.3.2 Application of SEM Technology in Material Analysis 65
3.4 TEM 68
3.4.1 Fundamental Principles 69
3.4.2 Application of TEM Technology in Material Analysis 70
3.5 BET 72
3.5.1 Fundamental Principles 73
3.5.2 Application of BET Technology in Material Analysis 74
3.6 XPS 75
3.6.1 Fundamental Principles 75
3.6.2 Application of XPS Technology in Material Analysis 78
3.7 UPS 79
3.7.1 Fundamental Principles 81
3.7.2 Application of UPS Technology in Material Analysis 82
3.8 DTA 84
3.8.1 Fundamental Principles 85
3.8.2 Application of DTA Technology in Material Analysis 85
3.9 EPR 86
3.9.1 Fundamental Principles 89
3.9.2 Application of EPR Technology in Material Analysis 90
Part II Structural Characteristics of Iron-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 95
4 Structures of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials 97
4.1 Zero-Dimensional Iron-Group Nanomaterials 97
4.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Atomic Clusters and Nanoparticles 98
4.1.2 Zero-Dimensional Quantum Dot Materials 100
4.2 1D Iron-Group Nanomaterials 101
4.2.1 Overview of 1D Nanomaterials 101
4.2.2 Types of 1D Iron-Group Metallic Materials 102
4.2.3 NWs 104
4.2.4 Nanorods and Nanobelts 105
4.3 2D Iron-Group Nanomaterials 107
4.3.1 Overview of 2D Materials 107
4.3.2 Iron-Group 2D Nanomaterials 108
4.3.3 Iron-Group Metal-Organic Frameworks 110
4.3.4 Strategies for Enhancing the Electrocatalytic Activity of 2D MOFs 112
4.4 3D Iron-Group Nanomaterials 114
4.4.1 Construction Strategies for 3D Heterostructures 115
4.4.2 Structural Advantages of Iron-Group 3D Compounds 118
4.4.3 Nanostructure Engineering 122
Part III Diverse Applications of These Nanomaterials 133
5 Applications of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Rechargeable Batteries 135
5.1 LIB 135
5.1.1 Cathode 136
5.1.2 Anode 143
5.3 KIBs 156
5.4 Li-S 157
5.5 Metal-Oxygen 158
5.5.1 Li-O2 159
5.5.2 Na-O2 160
5.5.3 Zn-O2 163
6 Applications of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors 171
6.1 Overview of Supercapacitors 171
6.1.1 Energy Crisis and the Importance of Energy Storage Technology 171
6.1.2 Definition, Characteristics, and Advantages of Supercapacitors 172
6.1.3 Types of Supercapacitors 174
6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Iron-Cobalt-Nickel Metal Compounds as Electrode Materials for
Supercapacitors 176
6.2.1 Advantages 176
6.2.2 Disadvantages 178
6.3 Electrochemical Performance Evaluation and Energy Storage Mechanism 179
6.3.1 Performance Testing Methods and Evaluation Metrics 179
6.3.2 In-Depth Analysis of Charge Storage Mechanisms 182
6.3.3 Advanced Characterization and Theoretical Calculation 184
6.4 Classification, Structure, and Characteristics of Iron-, Cobalt-, and Nickel-Based Compounds 186
6.4.1 Monometallic Compounds 186
6.4.2 Binary Metal Compound 190
6.4.3 Ternary Metal Compounds and Multicomponent Systems 193
6.4.4 Fe-Co-Ni-Based Derivatives and Framework Materials 196
6.5 Key Modification Strategies 198
6.5.1 Nanostructure Design (from Zero-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional [0D to 3D]) 198
6.5.2 Construction of Composite Materials 201
6.5.3 Element Doping 204
6.5.4 Defect Engineering (Oxygen Vacancies, Cation Vacancies, etc.) 208
6.6 Device Integration and Application Fields 210
6.6.1 Symmetric Supercapacitors 210
6.6.2 Asymmetric/Hybrid Supercapacitors (ASC) 210
6.6.3 Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Supercapacitors 210
6.6.4 Micro-supercapacitors and Integrated Systems 212
7 Applications of Iron (Fe, Co, Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Electrocatalysis 223
7.1 HER 223
7.2 OER 229
7.3 Overall Water Splitting 234
7.4 ORR 238
7.5 NRR 242
7.6 CO2RR 249
7.7 NO3RR 254
8 Applications of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis 265
8.1 Photocatalytic Fuel Production 265
8.1.1 Fe-Based Photocatalyst 268
8.1.2 Co-Based Photocatalyst 271
8.1.3 Ni-Based Photocatalyst 277
8.2 Solar Cell 282
8.2.1 Fe-Based Compound CE 284
8.2.2 Co-Based Compound CE 286
8.2.3 Ni-Based Compound CE 288
9 Applications of Iron (Fe, Co, and Ni)-Group Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Electrocatalytic Upgrading of Biomass and Degradation of Pollutants 303
9.1 Electrocatalytic Upgrading of Biomass 304
9.1.1 Monohydric Alcohol 304
9.1.2 Dihydric Alcohol 310
9.1.3 Amines 315
9.1.4 Aldehydes 319
9.1.5 Lignin 325
9.2 Pollutant Degradation 326
9.2.1 Inorganic Substance Degradation 328
9.2.2 Organic Matter Degradation 329
10 Applications of Iron-Group (Fe, Co, Ni) Metal Compound Nanomaterials in Other Potential Fields 341
10.1 Sensors 341
10.1.1 Gas Sensors and MOS Sensors 341
10.1.2 Structure of MOS Sensors 343
10.1.3 Mechanism of MOS Sensors 343
10.1.4 Fabrication of MOS Sensors 345
10.1.5 Applications of MOS Sensors 345
10.2 Microwave Absorption 352
10.2.1 Microwave Absorption Mechanism 352
10.2.2 Influencing Factors of Microwave Absorption 353
10.2.3 Regulation of Microwave Absorption Capacity 353
10.2.4 Preparation Methods of Carbon/Magnetic Metal Composites 354
10.3 Drug Delivery 356
10.3.1 MOFs 356
10.3.2 Nanoparticles 362
10.4 Functions and Types 363
10.4.1 Imaging Function 363
11 Challenges and Prospects 379
11.1 Challenges and Prospects Related to Preparation Methods 380
11.1.1 Current Core Challenges 380
11.1.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 381
11.2 Challenges and Prospects Related to Material Microstructures and Characterization 382
11.2.1 Current Core Challenges 382
11.2.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 384
11.3 Challenges and Prospects Related to Material Dimensions 385
11.3.1 Current Core Challenges 385
11.3.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 386
11.4 Challenges and Prospects in Battery Applications 388
11.4.1 Current Core Challenges 388
11.4.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 389
11.5 Challenges and Prospects in Supercapacitor Applications 390
11.5.1 Current Core Challenges 390
11.5.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 391
11.6 Challenges and Prospects in Electrocatalysis Applications 392
11.6.1 Current Core Challenges 392
11.6.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 394
11.7 Challenges and Prospects in Photocatalysis Applications 396
11.7.1 Current Core Challenges 396
11.7.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 398
11.8 Challenges and Prospects in Organic Oxidation and Degradation Applications 399
11.8.1 Current Core Challenges 399
11.8.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 401
11.9 Challenges and Prospects in Other Application Fields (Sensors, Microwave Absorption, and Drug Delivery)
402
11.9.1 Current Core Challenges 402
11.9.2 Future Development Trends and Prospects 404
References 405
Index 409
