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Full Description
Explores photofunctional polymer composites for cutting-edge biomedical applications and innovations
The rapid evolution of materials science has positioned photofunctional polymer composites as a central focus in advancing biomedical technologies. These materials, with their tunable light-responsive properties, play a pivotal role in enabling breakthroughs in bioimaging, cancer therapy, and phototherapy. However, while fundamental research in this field has progressed considerably, translating these innovations into practical biomedical products continues to present significant challenges.
Photofunctional Polymer Composites for Bioapplications systematically covers the structures, properties, and applications of polymer composites designed for biomedical use. Featuring clear organization with chapters progressing from foundational principles to advanced applications, the book begins with an overview of classifications and biomedical applications of photofunctional polymer composites before progressing to their structures, photophysical and chemical properties, and construction strategies. The central chapters focus on fibers, films, nanocomposites, and hydrogels, each discussing design, synthesis, and biomedical function. The final chapter offers a forward-looking perspective on the field, stressing interdisciplinary collaboration as a pathway to practical implementation.
Balancing theory, methodology, and application, Photofunctional Polymer Composites for Bioapplications:
Covers an extensive range of polymer composite types, including nanomaterials, fibers, films, and hydrogels
Provides in-depth discussion of charge transport, energy conversion, and signal transduction in composite systems
Provides insights into how multi-component strategies and interface engineering may overcome current limitations
Explores approaches that integrate chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering
Includes detailed examination of biosafety considerations critical to biomedical applications
An authoritative reference for advancing both research and translational development, Photofunctional Polymer Composites for Bioapplications is designed for graduate-level students, researchers, and professionals in polymer chemistry, materials science, and biomedical engineering. It is well-suited for courses such as Advanced Biomaterials, Polymer Science for Biomedical Applications, and Nanomaterials in Medicine within graduate and doctoral programs in chemistry, materials science, and bioengineering.
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Status of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 1
1.1.1 Photofunctional Materials 1
1.1.2 Photofunctional Composites 4
1.1.2.1 Photoelectronic Devices Based on Photofunctional Polymer Pomposites 6
1.1.2.2 Photocatalytic Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 7
1.1.2.3 Biomedical Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 8
1.1.3 Structure and Morphology of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 9
1.2 Classification of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 11
1.2.1 Nanocomposites 11
1.2.1.1 Composite Nanoparticles 12
1.2.1.2 Emulsion 18
1.2.1.3 Liposome 20
1.2.1.4 Micelle 22
1.2.1.5 Capsule 24
1.2.2 Fibers 26
1.2.2.1 Natural Material-based Fibers 26
1.2.2.2 Synthetic Polymer Fibers 31
1.2.3 Films 35
1.2.3.1 Fluorescent Film 36
1.2.3.2 Photochromic Films 38
1.2.3.3 Photoelectric Conversion Thin Film 40
1.2.3.4 Near-infrared (NIR) Absorption Films 41
1.2.4 Hydrogel 43
1.2.4.1 Structure and Composition 45
1.2.4.2 Physical Properties 46
1.2.4.3 Fluorescent Hydrogel 46
1.2.4.4 Photochromic Hydrogel 47
1.2.4.5 Photothermal Hydrogel 48
1.2.4.6 Photoelectric Conversion Hydrogel 50
1.2.4.7 Light-controlled Release Hydrogel 51
1.3 Prospects for Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 53
1.3.1 Biological Detection and Imaging 54
1.3.1.1 Fluorescence Imaging 54
1.3.1.2 Fluorescence Detection 56
1.3.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 60
1.3.2.1 Principle of Photodynamic Therapy 60
1.3.2.2 Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites in Photodynamic Therapy 61
1.3.3 Light-controlled Release 64
1.3.3.1 Principle of Light-controlled Release 64
1.3.3.2 Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites in Light-controlled Release 65
1.3.4 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 67
1.3.4.1 Principle of Photothermal Therapy 67
1.3.4.2 Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites in Photothermal Therapy 67
1.3.5 Photocatalytic Effect 70
1.3.5.1 Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 71
1.3.5.2 Photocatalytic Production of H 2 72
1.3.5.3 Light-driven Biotransformation 74
1.3.5.4 Photocatalytic Therapy 76
References 79
2 Structures and Properties of Photofunctional Materials 93
2.1 Small Organic Molecules 93
2.1.1 Photoluminescence 93
2.1.1.1 Fluorescence 93
2.1.1.2 Phosphorescence 97
2.1.2 Electroluminescence 100
2.1.3 Chemiluminescence 104
2.1.4 Mechanoluminescence 106
2.2 Conjugated Polymers 109
2.2.1 Main Chain Structure 109
2.2.2 Side Chain Structure 113
2.2.3 Conformation of Conjugated Polymers 116
2.2.4 Aggregation States of Conjugated Polymers 119
2.2.4.1 Static Aggregation 119
2.2.4.2 Dynamic Aggregation 120
2.2.4.3 Influencing Factors and Regulatory Strategies of Aggregation States 122
2.2.5 Luminescence Sensing Mechanism of Conjugated Polymers 123
2.2.5.1 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Mechanism 124
2.2.5.2 Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanism 125
2.2.5.3 Exciplexes and Excimers 126
2.2.5.4 Metal-enhanced Fluorescence Effect 126
2.3 Noble Metal Nanomaterials 127
2.3.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles 128
2.3.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles 129
2.3.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 133
2.3.1.3 Copper Nanoparticles 135
2.3.2 Optical Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 136
2.3.2.1 Metal-enhanced Fluorescence Effect (MEF) 136
2.3.2.2 Photothermal Effect 138
2.3.3 Noble Metal Nanoclusters 139
2.3.3.1 Gold Nanoclusters 139
2.3.3.2 Silver Nanoclusters 142
2.3.3.3 Copper Nanoclusters 143
2.3.4 Optical Properties of Noble Metal Nanoclusters 144
2.3.4.1 Photoluminescence 146
2.3.4.2 Two-photon Absorption 146
2.3.4.3 Aggregation-Induced Emission Effect 147
2.3.4.4 Photothermal Effect 148
2.3.4.5 Photosensitive Effect 149
2.4 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials 150
2.4.1 Quantum Dots 151
2.4.2 Carbon Materials 154
2.4.2.1 Carbon Nanotube 154
2.4.2.2 Carbon Dots 155
2.4.2.3 Graphene 155
2.4.2.4 Fullerene 156
2.4.3 Carbon Nitride 156
2.4.3.1 Photocatalysis 159
2.4.3.2 Photoluminescence 160
2.4.3.3 Photothermal Effect 161
2.4.4 Transition Metal Disulfides 161
2.4.5 Perovskite 166
2.4.6 Titanium Dioxide 168
2.5 Other Materials 171
2.5.1 Metal-organic Framework (MOFs) 171
2.5.1.1 Structure of MOF 172
2.5.1.2 Optical Properties of MOF 172
2.5.2 Covalent Organic Framework (COFs) 176
2.5.2.1 Structure of COF 177
2.5.2.2 Optical Properties of COF 181
2.5.3 Photofunctional Protein 184
2.5.3.1 Light-harvesting Protein 184
2.5.3.2 Fluorescent Protein 187
2.5.4 Other Polymers 189
2.5.4.1 Block Copolymers 189
2.5.4.2 Dendrimers 191
References 194
3 Construction of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 211
3.1 Construction of Photofunctional Organic Polymer Composite Systems 211
3.1.1 Coprecipitation 212
3.1.2 Self-assembly Method 218
3.1.3 Microemulsion Method 225
3.1.4 Direct Polymerization 227
3.1.5 Covalent Modification 228
3.1.6 Physical Mixing Method 229
3.2 Construction of Photofunctional Organic/Inorganic Polymer Composite Systems 230
3.2.1 Self-assembly Method 231
3.2.2 Coprecipitation Method 235
3.2.3 Microemulsion 236
3.2.4 Covalent Modification 238
3.2.5 In Situ Reaction Method 240
3.2.6 Physical Mixing Method 243
References 245
4 Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 253
4.1 Structures of Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 253
4.1.1 Core-shell Structure 253
4.1.2 Hollow Structure 259
4.1.3 Hybrid Structure 261
4.1.4 Emulsion 267
4.1.5 Liposome 270
4.1.6 Micelle 272
4.1.7 Capsule 274
4.2 Functions of Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 276
4.2.1 Metal Enhanced Fluorescence Effect 276
4.2.2 Energy Transfer Mechanism 281
4.2.3 Electron Transfer Mechanism 289
4.2.4 Aggregation-induced Emission Effect 294
4.2.5 Photosensitization Effect 298
4.2.6 Photothermal Effect 303
4.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 309
4.3.1 Cell Imaging 309
4.3.2 Optical Therapies 317
4.3.3 Optical Detections 325
4.3.4 Drug Delivery 332
4.3.5 Photosynthesis 334
References 338
5 Photofunctional Polymer Fiber Composites 345
5.1 Preparation and Structures of Photofunctional Fiber Composites 346
5.1.1 Electrospinning 346
5.1.2 3D Printing 351
5.1.3 Wet Spinning Process 352
5.1.4 Stretching Process 354
5.1.5 Capillary-templated Polymerization 355
5.1.6 Microfluidic Method 357
5.2 Functions of Photofunctional Fiber Composites 359
5.2.1 Energy/Electron Transfer Effect 359
5.2.2 Photochromic Effect 363
5.2.3 Photosensitization Effect 364
5.2.4 Photocatalytic Effect 365
5.2.5 Photothermal Conversion Effect 370
5.2.6 Light-guiding Properties 371
5.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Fiber Composites 373
5.3.1 Optical Detection 374
5.3.2 Optical Therapy 377
5.3.3 Optical Display 383
5.3.4 Optogenetics 386
References 390
6 Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 395
6.1 Structures of Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 395
6.1.1 Self-Supported Film 396
6.1.2 Substrate-Supported Film 406
6.2 Functions of Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 412
6.2.1 Fluorescence Enhancement Effect 412
6.2.2 Energy/Electron Transfer Effect 416
6.2.3 Photoisomerization Effect 422
6.2.4 Photothermal Effect 424
6.2.5 Other Photofunctions 426
6.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 429
6.3.1 Optical Detection 430
6.3.2 Optical Therapy 437
6.3.3 Energy Storage 443
6.3.4 Food Packaging 446
References 448
7 Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 453
7.1 Structures of Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 453
7.1.1 The Network Structure of Chemical Cross-linking Hydrogels 454
7.1.1.1 Permanent Covalent Bond 454
7.1.1.2 Dynamic Covalent Bonds 457
7.1.2 The Network Structure of Physical Cross-linking 464
7.1.2.1 Hydrogen Bond Cross-Linking 465
7.1.2.2 Metal Coordination Effect 468
7.1.2.3 Hydrophobic Interaction 470
7.1.2.4 Host-Guest Interaction 472
7.1.2.5 Crystallization and Cross-Linking 476
7.2 Functions of Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 477
7.2.1 Electron Transfer Mechanism 477
7.2.2 Energy Transfer Mechanism 481
7.2.3 Fluorescence Enhancement Effect 483
7.2.4 Photothermal Conversion Effect 487
7.2.5 Photosensitization Effect 490
7.2.6 Photoisomerization Effect 493
7.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 495
7.3.1 Optical Detection and Sensing 496
7.3.2 Phototherapy 502
7.3.3 Light-Controlled Drug Release 507
7.3.4 Cell Culture 514
References 518
8 Future Development of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 525
8.1 Structural Optimization of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 525
8.1.1 Selection of Components for Intelligent Light Response 525
8.1.2 In Situ Assembly Strategy 526
8.1.3 In Situ Aggregation Strategy 531
8.2 The Functional Improvement of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 533
8.2.1 Multifunctional Integration 533
8.2.2 Interdisciplinary Integration 540
8.3 Expansion of Biological Applications 546
8.3.1 Personalized Medicine 546
8.3.2 Artificial Biological Photosynthesis 550
References 556
Index 563
