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Comprehensive reference on the design, characteristics, performance, and development potential of key components of PEMFC through electrospinning technologies
Electrospinning for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells discusses the use of electrospun materials in preparing next-generation fuel cell proton-conducting membranes, comprehensively reviewing the essential parts of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) components including the catalyst layer, gas diffusion layer, and proton exchange membrane. The book covers both electrochemical methods and hands-on experimental processes and provides a perspective of hydrogen fuel and PEMFC vehicles in the transformation of low-carbon energy.
Electrospinning for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells includes information on:
Working principles, current state of research, and existing obstacles of PEMFC components, as well as the role of electrospinning and nanofibers in PEMFC
Physical properties and electrochemical polarization of the nanofiber catalyst layer prepared by electrospinning
Water management ability of fuel cells under high inlet humidity
Cold starting ability and performance aging of PEMFC through the electrospun microporous layer under high current density
Experimental devices for the study of the electrospun proton exchange membrane and composite proton exchange membrane
Electrospinning for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells is an excellent reference on the subject for materials scientists, catalytic chemists, polymer chemists, electrochemists, and electronics engineers.
Contents
About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xvii
1 Introduction to Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1
1.1 Overview of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Technology 1
1.1.1 Brief History and Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1
1.1.2 Need for H2 -Powered Fuel Cell Technology in Today's World 2
1.2 Key Components of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 6
1.2.1 Catalyst Layer 6
1.2.2 Gas Diffusion Layer 9
1.2.3 Proton Exchange Membrane 10
1.2.3.1 Proton Transport Mechanisms 11
1.2.3.2 Classification of PEM 14
References 16
2 Classification of Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 23
2.1 State-of-the-Art Electrocatalysts 23
2.1.1 Pt-Alloy Electrocatalysts 23
2.1.2 Carbon-Supported Transition Metal Catalysts (M-N-C) 25
2.1.3 MXene-Based ORR Catalysts 26
2.1.4 Metal-Organic Framework Electrocatalysts 27
2.1.5 Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalyst 28
2.2 Fabrication of Catalyst Layers (CL) in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 29
2.2.1 GDE Membrane Electrode 29
2.2.2 Catalyst-Coated Membrane Electrode 31
2.2.3 Ordered Membrane Electrode 32
2.3 Conclusion 33
References 33
3 Electrospun Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Materials Preparation 39
3.2.1 Preparation of Nanofiber Catalyst Layers 39
3.3 Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization 41
3.3.1 Preparation of Single Cell 41
3.3.2 Polarization Curve Testing (V-I) 42
3.3.3 Cyclic Voltammetry Testing 42
3.3.4 Linear Sweep Voltammetry Testing 43
3.3.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Testing 43
3.4 Results and Discussion 44
3.4.1 Polarization Curve (V-I) of Preconditioning Process 44
3.4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Preconditioning Process 46
3.4.3 Impedance Fitting Data of Preconditioning Process 48
3.4.4 Electrochemically Active Surface Area of Preconditioning Process 49
3.4.5 Exchange Current Density of Preconditioning Process 49
3.4.6 Mechanism of Activation Process 51
3.5 Conclusion 53
References 54
4 Analysis of Nanofiber Catalyst Layers Performance Under Various Temperature and Humidity Conditions 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Materials Preparation 57
4.3 Result and Discussion 57
4.3.1 Polarization Curves (V-I) at Constant Temperature and Different Humidity Levels 57
4.3.2 Polarization Curves (V-I) at Different Temperatures and Constant Humidity 59
4.3.3 Polarization Curves and Loss Separation at Different Temperatures and Humidity 61
4.4 Conclusion 63
References 64
5 The Role and Performance of Gas Diffusion Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Research on Gas Diffusion Layer and Water/Gas Transport Mechanisms 68
5.2.1 Research on Microporous Layer 72
5.3 Conclusion 75
References 75
6 Preparation of Gradient Gas Diffusion Layer Process and Their Performance in Fuel Cell 79
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Materials Preparation 79
6.2.1 Effect of Ultrasonic Time on Gas Diffusion Layer Preparation 79
6.2.2 Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene Addition Sequence 80
6.2.3 Investigation of Ethanol Content and Heating Plate Temperature 80
6.2.4 Preparation and Testing of Gradient Gas Diffusion Layer 80
6.3 Results and Discussion 81
6.3.1 Hydrophobicity 81
6.3.2 Water Permeability and Conductivity 81
6.3.3 Pore Size Distribution 83
6.3.4 Pore Volume Distribution 84
6.3.5 Surface Roughness 85
6.3.6 Surface Morphology 86
6.3.7 Polarization Curve and Power Density 88
6.3.8 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Test 91
6.4 Conclusion 92
References 92
7 Impact of Optimizing the Thickness Direction of Gradient Gas Diffusion Layer on Water-Gas Management Capability of the Fuel Cell 95
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Materials Preparation 95
7.2.1 Preparation Process of Gradient Gas Diffusion Layers 95
7.3 Results and Discussion 96
7.3.1 Physical Characterizations 97
7.3.2 Analysis of Polarization Curve (I-V) 98
7.3.3 Analysis of Power Density 100
7.3.4 Water Transport Mechanism 101
7.3.5 Comparison of Capillary Pressure Differences in Gas Diffusion Layers with Varying Thicknesses 101
7.3.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 103
7.3.7 Polarization Curve Reproducibility 104
7.4 Conclusion 104
References 105
8 Study on the Effect of Gradient Hydrophobic Treatment of Gas Diffusion Layer on Water Management Performance in Fuel Cells 107
8.1 Introduction 107
8.2 Materials Preparation 107
8.3 Results and Discussion 108
8.3.1 Analysis of Polarization Curve (I-V) 108
8.3.2 Analysis of Power Density 109
8.3.3 Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 110
8.3.4 Analysis of Physical Performance 110
8.3.5 Verifying the Effect of Gradient Hydrophobic Gas Diffusion Layers with Different Polytetrafluoroethylene/Carbon Black Ratios in Fuel Cells 112
8.3.5.1 Analysis of Polarization Curve 112
8.3.5.2 Analysis of Power Density 113
8.3.5.3 Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Test Results 114
8.4 Comparison of Membrane Electrodes 114
8.5 Conclusion 115
References 115
9 Fundamentals of Proton Exchange Membranes 117
9.1 Introduction 117
9.1.1 Partially Fluorinated Proton Exchange Membranes 118
9.1.2 Fluorine-Free Proton Exchange Membranes 119
9.1.3 Sulfonated Polysulfone Proton Exchange Membranes 120
9.1.4 Sulfonated Polyaryletherketone Proton Exchange Membranes 121
9.1.5 Sulfonated Polyimide Proton Exchange Membranes 124
9.2 Conclusion 125
References 126
10 Design of Proton Exchange Membrane 131
10.1 Introduction 131
10.2 Design of Molecular Structure 132
10.3 Physical and Chemical Cross-Linking Modification 134
10.4 Enhancing Stability and Performance Through Chemical Cross-Linking 136
10.5 Modulating the Structure of Ordered Microporous Materials 141
10.6 Construction of Novel Proton Transport Channels 145
10.7 Conclusion 147
References 148
11 Highly Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Nanofibers Constructed Plasmonic Transport Channels 155
11.1 Introduction 155
11.2 Materials Preparation 156
11.2.1 Preparation of Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) with Different Degrees of Sulfonation 156
11.2.2 Substitution of Counteracting Ions 156
11.2.3 Preparation of Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Nanofibers 157
11.2.4 Preparation of Nanofiber Composite Membranes 157
11.2.5 Thermal Cross-Linking of Nanofiber Composite Membranes 158
11.3 Results and Discussion 158
11.3.1 Preparation of Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) and Characterization of Nanofibers 158
11.3.2 Cross-Sectional Morphology of Fiber Composite Membranes 160
11.3.3 Chemical Structure Characterization of Composite Membranes 162
11.3.4 Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability 163
11.3.5 Water Absorption and Solubility 164
11.3.6 Membrane Proton Conductivity 165
11.3.7 Antioxidant Stability 166
11.3.8 Fuel Cell Performance 168
11.4 Conclusion 169
References 170
12 Polydopamine-Modified Halloysite Nanotube/Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Cross-Linked Composite Membrane 173
12.1 Introduction 173
12.2 Materials Preparation 175
12.2.1 Polydopamine Coating of Halloysite Nanotubes 175
12.2.2 Sulfonation of Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) 175
12.2.3 Preparation of Thermally Cross-Linked Composite Membranes 176
12.3 Results and Discussion 176
12.3.1 Characterization of Dopamine-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes 176
12.3.2 Discussion on the Sulfonation Process of Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) 179
12.3.3 Morphological Characterization of Composite Membranes 180
12.3.4 Chemical and Physical Properties of the Composite Membranes 180
12.3.5 Ion Exchange Capacities, Water Absorption Rate, and Swelling Rate 183
12.3.6 Proton Conductivity 186
12.3.7 Fuel Cell Performance 189
12.4 Conclusion 190
References 190
13 Construction of Ordered Proton Transport Channels with Phosphotungstic Acid Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles 193
13.1 Introduction 193
13.2 Materials Preparation 194
13.2.1 Preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles 194
13.2.2 Preparation of Phosphotungstic Acid-Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles 194
13.2.3 Sulfonation of Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) and Preparation of Composite Membranes 195
13.2.4 Preparation of Composite Membranes 195
13.3 Result and Discussion 196
13.3.1 Preparation and Characterization of DMNPs@HPW 196
13.3.2 Morphology of Composite Membrane Sections 201
13.3.3 Proton Conduction Pathways and Particle Distribution 202
13.3.4 Characterization of Composite Membranes X-ray Diffraction 202
13.3.5 Mechanical Properties of Composite Membranes 204
13.3.6 Ion Exchange Capacities, Water Uptake, and Swelling Ratio 205
13.3.7 Proton Conductivity of the Membranes 207
13.3.8 Fuel Cell Performance 210
13.4 Conclusion 211
References 212
14 Chemical Covalent Bonding of Silicotungstic Acid Proton Exchange Membrane 215
14.1 Introduction 215
14.2 Materials Preparation 216
14.2.1 Synthesis of 4-Phenoxyphenyl Phosphoric Acid 216
14.2.2 Synthesis of 4-Phenoxyphenyl Diethylphosphoric Acid Ester 216
14.2.3 Hydrolysis to Prepare 4-Phenoxyphenyl Phosphoric Acid 217
14.2.4 Preparation of Deficient Silicotungstic Acid Potassium 217
14.2.5 Preparation of POP-SiWA 217
14.2.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)-Immobilized POP-SiWA 218
14.3 Results and Discussion 220
14.3.1 Characterization of POP-SiWA 220
14.3.2 Discussion on Thermal Cross-Linking and Grafting 222
14.3.3 Characterization of Cross-Linked Grafted Membranes 230
14.3.4 Ion Exchange Capacities, Water Uptake, and Swelling Ratio 232
14.3.5 Anti-Free Radical Oxidation Properties 234
14.3.6 Proton Conductivity 235
14.3.7 Fuel Cell Performance 237
14.4 Conclusion 239
References 239
Index 241
