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Full Description
Contemporary policymakers, as their predecessors, continue to view nomadic people as a weak minority, and their way of life and raising livestock as a backward and inefficient paradigm. Wherever nomads are not the dominant group, the trend to settle them continues even today as in the past. This book describes the changes forced upon formerly nomadic groups and how they still attempt to maintain their traditional, social, and cultural practices in their new settings. The book deals with the several modes of livelihood of these communities, including entrepreneurship, and demonstrates the impact of investment-oriented urbanization policies leading to eviction from ancestral lands, and hurdles for nomadic mobility, ultimately threatening their survival. The book illustrates how some groups like the Borana and the Maasai practice livelihood diversity and raise productive livestock, and how other groups migrate to urban centers in search of employment and remit money to family members left in the rural areas.
The book aims to raise awareness among the research community, especially those who work on regional and demographic labor policies. It helps in understanding why society needs to help build business and livelihood strategies without harming the values of nomadic groups.
Contents
Part I: Africa.- 1. Declining grazing lands and climate change are forcing Maasai to diversify their livelihoods: Antecedents of Maasai entrepreneurial motivations and socioeconomic change.- 2. Herders who fish: Findings from pastoral and agropastoral communities in Kenya and South Sudan.- 3. Did Boru, Moshe Schwartz, Shaher El-Meccawi and Michael Kam: Borana cattle pastoralists in southern Ethiopia are diversifying their livelihoods by cultivating land and raising camels.- Part II: Middle East.- 4. From nomads to agro-pastoralists to urbanites.- 5. The nomad entrepreneurs of Iran: The history, major nomads, entrepreneurial activities, and challenges.- Part III: South Asia - Afghanistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh.- 6. Land as a golden tent-peg: Settlement and change among nomads in northern Afghanistan.- 7. Challenges to transhumant pastoralism due to socio-economic and ecological changes in Nepal's high mountains.- 8. Mobility to Sedentarisation: Pastoralism from colonial to post-colonial period in Uttarakhand Himalaya (India).- 9. The Bede community- A nomadic group in Bangladesh.- Part IV: East Asia - China and Mongolia.- 10. Centralisation of livestock and grassland management through cooperatives in Tibetan pastoral areas of Qinghai, People's Republic of China.- 11. Transformation from nomadic to sedentary livestock production in Inner Mongolia.- 12. Mongolia's pastoral nomadism in transition: Putting case studies on socioecological feedbacks and socioeconomic forcing into a conceptual framework.- Part V: Arctic Region.- 13. Mechanisms for the positive transformation of the Arctic indigenous peoples from traditional nomadic reindeer herders to a more settled lifestyle.- 14. Snowmobile revolution and sedentarization of reindeer-herding nomads in the Kola Peninsula and Bolshezemelskaya tundra, northern European Russia.- 15. The Inuit - from igloos and tents and nomadic subsistence hunting and fishing to permanent settlements and heated homes.
