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Full Description
This book includes innovative gas-geothermometers and geobarometers, which are urgently needed to estimate the increasingly higher temperatures and pressures present at depth below the Solfatara volcano, owing to its on-going unrest. Therefore, in this book, new gas geoindicators, applicable up to ca. 1000oC and 3 kbar, have been implemented and applied to Solfatara fluids. The innovations of this book include: methane, having a sluggish behavior, was treated separately from fast-reacting carbon monoxide; deviations from the ideal gas behavior were considered; the effects of reaction kinetics were taken into account. This was possible because a dataset including many geochemical parameters and extending from 1983 to 2020 with a good sampling frequency is available for Solfatara, making it a case history probably unique worldwide. Nevertheless, the gas geoindicators described in this book can be applied to other similar systems. Thus, this book is of interest to many scientists studying gas geochemistry, geothermometry, and geobarometry for volcanic surveillance and the mitigation of the volcanic risk.
Contents
Preface.- Introduction.- 1. Historical data.- 2. Summary of the Campi Flegrei geology.- 3. The magmatic - hydrothermal system hosted in the Campi Flegrei caldera with emphasis on the Solfatara.- 4. The expansion (decompression) of the Solfatara fumarolic fluids.- 5. Chemical and isotopic characteristics of Solfatara-Pisciarelli fumarolic fluids.- 6. The geoindicators involving H2O, CO2, CO, CH4 and H2.- 7. The chemical kinetics of the reactions involving H2O, CO2, CO, CH4 and H2.- 8. Calibration and application of the RWG and SS4 indicators for the possible expansion paths of Solfatara fluids.- 9. The redox potential and sulfur gas species.- 10. Soil CO2 diffuse degassing and thermal energy release as indicators of volcanic unrest in the Solfatara-Pisciarelli area.- 11. A comparison between the Solfatara and other magmatic-hydrothermal systems.- 12. Conclusive remarks.
