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Using plant material as raw materials for construction is a relatively recent and original topic of research. This book presents an overview of the current knowledge on the material properties and environmental impact of construction materials made from plant particles, which are renewable, recyclable and easily available. It focuses on particles and as well on fibers issued from hemp plant, as well as discussing hemp concretes. The book begins by setting the environmental, economic and social context of agro-concretes, before discussing the nature of plant-based aggregates and binders. The formulation, implementation and mechanical behavior of such building materials are the subject of the following chapters. The focus is then put upon the hygrothermal behavior and acoustical properties of hempcrete, followed by the use of plant-based concretes in structures. The book concludes with the study of life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the environmental characteristics of a banked hempcrete wall on a wooden skeleton.
Contents
Foreword xi
Chapter 1. Environmental, Economic and Social Context of Agro-Concretes 1
Vincent NOZAHIC and Sofiane AMZIANE
1.1. Sustainable development, construction and materials 1
1.1.1. Environmental impacts of the construction sector 2
1.2. Standardization and regulation: toward a global approach 3
1.2.1. Standardization and regulation in force 3
1.2.2. Limitations of the normative and regulatory framework 5
1.3. The materials: an increasingly crucial element 7
1.3.1. Role of the materials in energy consumption 7
1.3.2. What is a low-environmental-impact material? 7
1.3.3. Constantly-changing regulations 8
1.4. The specific case of concretes made from lignocellular particles 9
1.4.1. Development of agro-concretes in the context of France 10
1.5. What does the term "Agro-concrete" mean? 13
1.5.1. General definition 13
1.5.2. Lignocellular resources 13
1.5.3. General characteristics of lignocellular agro-resources 15
1.6. Conclusions 19
1.7. Bibliography 19
Chapter 2. Characterization of Plant-Based Aggregates 27
Vincent PICANDET
2.1. Microstructure of the shiv particles 28
2.1.1. Structure of the stem of fibrous plants 28
2.1.2. SEM observation of hemp shiv particles 30
2.1.3. Chemistry of the cell walls 31
2.1.4. Density and porosity, in the case of hemp shiv 35
2.2. Particle Size Distribution (PSD) 36
2.2.1. General characteristics of aggregates made from fibrous plants 36
2.2.2. Fiber content 37
2.2.3. Methods for characterizing the PSD 38
2.2.4. PSD analyses 48
2.2.5. Comparison of the results obtained by image analysis 52
2.2.6. Characterization of the geometry of the particles 57
2.2.7. Characterization of the PSD 58
2.2.8. Conclusions 65
2.3. Compactness and compressibility 66
2.4. Water absorption capacity 68
2.5. Bibliography 69
Chapter 3. Binders 75
Gilles ESCADEILLAS, Camille MAGNIONT, Sofiane AMZIANE and Vincent NOZAHIC
3.1. Portland cements 75
3.1.1. General 75
3.1.2. Production 76
3.1.3. Chemical and mineral composition 77
3.1.4. Properties 77
3.1.5. Environmental impacts 84
3.2. Lime 84
3.2.1. General 84
3.2.2. Aerial lime 86
3.2.3. Natural hydraulic limes 89
3.3. Lime-pozzolan mixtures 92
3.3.1. Natural pozzolans 93
3.3.2. Calcined natural pozzolans: metakaolin 96
3.3.3. Fly ash 101
3.3.4. Blast furnace slag 103
3.4. Plaster 106
3.4.1. General 106
3.4.2. Production 106
3.4.3. Chemical and mineralogical composition 108
3.4.4. Properties 108
3.4.5. Environmental impacts 110
3.5. Summary 110
3.6. Bibliography 111
Chapter 4. Formulation and Implementation 117
Christophe LANOS, Florence COLLET, Gérard LENAIN and Yves HUSTACHE
4.1. Objectives 117
4.1.1. Preamble 117
4.1.2. Traditional applications 119
4.1.3. Constituents and mixture 120
4.1.4. Methods of implementation 121
4.2. Rules of formulation 122
4.2.1. Basis of usual formulations 122
4.2.2. Influence of the proportion of paste in the mixture 124
4.2.3. Quality of the paste and water content 128
4.2.4. Homogeneity of the paste 135
4.2.5. The relationship between formulation and strength 137
4.2.6. The relationship between formulation and thermo-hydric properties 141
4.3. Examples of formulations 141
4.3.1. Origin of the data 141
4.3.2. Walling application 141
4.3.3. Flooring application 142
4.3.4. Roofing application 142
4.3.5. Other applications 142
4.4. Installation techniques 143
4.4.1. Building a wall using formwork 143
4.4.2. Application by spraying 143
4.4.3. Laying of a floor 144
4.4.4. Creating a roof 144
4.4.5. Other uses 145
4.5. Professional rules for buildings using hempcrete and hemp mortars 145
4.5.1. History 145
4.5.2. Principles and content of the professional regulations 146
4.6. Bibliography 152
Chapter 5. Mechanical Behavior 153
Laurent ARNAUD, Sofiane AMZIANE, Vincent NOZAHIC and Etienne GOURLAY
5.1. Composite material 153
5.1.1. Making of the test tubes 154
5.1.2. Mechanical behavior 154
5.1.3. Effect of initial compression 157
5.1.4. Effect of the nature of the binder 159
5.1.5. Influence of the binder content 162
5.1.6. Influence of the particle size 164
5.1.7. Influence of the curing conditions 165
5.1.8. Evolution over time 166
5.1.9. Interaction between particles and binder 167
5.1.10. Anisotropic behavior 170
5.2. Modeling of the mechanical behavior 171
5.2.1. Empirical approach 171
5.2.2. Self-consistent homogenization approach 173
5.3. Toward the study of a stratified composite 174
5.4. Conclusion 175
5.5. Bibliography 176
Chapter 6. Hygrothermal Behavior of Hempcrete 179
Laurent ARNAUD, Driss SAMRI and Étienne GOURLAY
6.1. Introduction 179
6.2. Heat conductivity 180
6.2.1. Measurement of the conductivity 181
6.2.2. Modeling of the heat conductivity in dry and humid conditions 182
6.2.3. Heat transfers 185
6.3. Hygrothermal transfers 186
6.3.1. Experimental device 186
6.3.2. Stresses 189
6.3.3. Phase changes 191
6.3.4. Hygrothermal transfers 194
6.3.5. Role of coating products applied to hempcrete 196
6.3.6. Conclusions 200
6.4. Thermal characterization of various construction materials 201
6.4.1. Autoclaved aerated concrete 202
6.4.2. Vertically perforated brick 204
6.4.3. Hempcrete 205
6.4.4. Conclusions 210
6.5. Modeling of coupled heat- and mass transfers 211
6.5.1. Introduction 211
6.5.2. Transfer laws 212
6.5.3. Transfer model: the Künzel model 216
6.5.4. Determination of the transfer coefficients 217
6.5.5. Numerical modeling 222
6.6. Conclusions 235
6.7. Bibliography 238
Chapter 7. Acoustical Properties of Hemp Concretes 243
Philippe GLÉ, Emmanuel GOURDON and Laurent ARNAUD
7.1. Introduction 243
7.2. Acoustical properties of the material on the basis of the main mechanisms 244
7.2.1. Influence of the components 244
7.2.2. Influence of the casting method 249
7.3. Modeling the acoustical properties 252
7.3.1. Physical analysis of the acoustical properties being measured 253
7.3.2. The adapted double porosity model and its parameters 255
7.3.3. Experimental validation of the model 257
7.4. Application of the model to the acoustical characterization of shiv 258
7.4.1. Porosity of shiv 258
7.4.2. Resistivity 262
7.5. Conclusion 264
7.6. Bibliography 264
Chapter 8. Plant-Based Concretes in Structures: Structural Aspect - Addition of a Wooden Support to Absorb the Strain 267
Philippe MUNOZ and Didier PIPET
8.1. Introduction 267
8.2. Preliminary test 269
8.2.1. Description of the panel 269
8.2.2. Putting the panel in place on the bracing bank 270
8.2.3. Longitudinal loading and measurement of the movements 271
8.2.4. Behavior of the test bank 273
8.2.5. Behavior of the wooden panel 274
8.3. Test on a composite panel of a wooden skeleton and hempcrete 276
8.3.1. Description of the panel 276
8.3.2. Emplacement of the panel on the bracing bank 276
8.3.3. Vertical loading 279
8.3.4. Longitudinal loading and measurement of the movements 280
8.3.5. Running of the test 281
8.3.6. Feature of the ruin of the panel 283
8.4. Results and comparative analysis 285
8.5. Conclusions and reflections 287
8.6. Acknowledgements 288
8.7. Bibliography 288
Chapter 9. Examination of the Environmental Characteristics of a Banked Hempcrete Wall on a Wooden Skeleton, by Lifecycle Analysis: Feedback on the LCA Experiment from 2005 289
Marie-Pierre BOUTIN and Cyril FLAMIN
9.1. Introduction 289
9.2. Description of the products studied 291
9.3. Method for environmental evaluation of bio-sourced materials 292
9.4. Lifecycle Analysis on hempcrete - methodology, working hypotheses and results 294
9.4.1. Delimitation of the system under study 294
9.4.2. Inventory analysis 298
9.4.3. Impact evaluation 303
9.4.4. Results and interpretation of the lifecycle 305
9.5. Interpretations of the lifecycle, conclusions and reflections 306
9.6. Bibliography 310
List of Authors 313
Index 315
