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Full Description
A Practical Guide to Nature Study fills a gap in literature dedicated to nature study. Whether you consider yourself a novice or seasoned naturalist, your nature study will benefit from this unique and holistic approach. As a student of nature, you will build naturalist skills, become more ecologically aware, learn basic natural histories of common flora and fauna, and explore a regional field guide. Through the nature journal exercises presented, A Practical Guide to Nature Study will help you make connections necessary for interpreting your surrounding landscape.
Contents
Introduction
PART I: Discovering Nature
Chapter 1 - Building Your Naturalist Skills
1.1 Nature Awareness
How Do We Define Nature?
What Is a Naturalist?
What Is a Naturalist Intelligence?
How Do I Become a Naturalist?
Why Spend Time in Nature?
What Are Some Basic Questions to Ask Before Heading Outside?
What Do I Focus on While Outside?
What Can I Learn by Observing Wildlife?
How Can I Increase My Chances of Seeing Animals in Nature?
How Do Seasons Affect Wildlife?
Why do we have seasons?
Does day and night affect animal activity?
Why do we have day and night?
What Can I Do to Improve My Observation Skills?
How Can I Build My Identification Skills?
1.2 Nature Appreciation Survey
1.3 Naturalist Activities
Getting Ready to Go Outside
Building Naturalist Skills
The Simple Naturalist
Taxonomy: Classifying What You Observe
Animal Observation Chart
Charting Plant Observations
Going Deeper into Nature
The Sit Spot
Cloud Types
Wind Speed
Current Conditions Chart
The Field Inventory
1.4 Reflecting on Chapter 1-Building Your Naturalist Skills
Review Questions
Chapter 2 - Nature as Your ""Place""
2.1 Making Connections-An Ecology Primer
Ecology Defined
An Ecological Perspective
Ecological Knowledge
Ecology's Scale of Life
2.2 Landscape Shapers- Glaciers, Climate, Winter, Fire, Humans
Glaciers
Climate
Winter
Fire
Humans
2.3 The Watershed-A Broad, Yet Local Perspective
What Is a Watershed?
Scales of Place
Making It Real
How to Protect and Improve the Quality of Your Watershed . . . Your ""Place"" in Nature
2.4 Scientific Thinking
Inquiry Process
Nature Studies
Natural Histories
Tree Adoption
Field Investigation
Question Types
Conducting a Field Investigation
Potential Methods
Species Observations Data Table Examples
Types of Field Studies - Animal Behavior and Species Diversity
Animal Behavior Studies
Species Diversity Studies
The Field Investigation Report
2.5 Reflecting on Chapter 2-Nature as Your ""Place""
Review Questions
Chapter 3 - Parts of Nature: Terrestrial Habitats and Freshwater Systems
3.1 Regional Landscapes
3.2 Looking More Closely-Habitats
What Is a Habitat?
How Do You Classify a Habitat?
What Does an Animal in a Habitat Tell You?
Habitat Signs and Stimuli
3.3 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Community Characteristics
Succession and Animal Life
Field to Forest Habitats
Forestry Management Goals
3.4 Basic Geology and Soil Types
Rock Types
Soil Basics
3.5 Freshwater Ecosystems
Water Properties and Nature
Lake Environments
River Characteristics
Wetland Wonders
3.6 Reflecting on Chapter 3-Parts of Nature
Review Questions
PART II: The Science of Nature Study
Chapter 4 - Ecology Essentials
4.1 Understanding the Scales of Life: Populations and Communities
Thinking About Populations
Relationships Within the Community
Review Questions
4.2 Evolution Basics
Background
Basic Genetics
Scientific Law and Scientific Theory
How Evolution Occurs
Evidence for Evolution
Review Questions
4.3 The Four Spheres of Earth and Energy Flow
The Four Systems Form an Ecosystem
Parts of the Biosphere
Review Questions
4.4 Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon Cycle
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycle
Review Questions
4.5 Biodiversity, Conservation, and Management
Benefits of Biodiversity
Levels of Species Loss
What Causes Biodiversity Loss?
Conservation Approaches
Why Should Nature Be Managed?
Review Questions
Invasive Species-Natural History Journal Pages
PART III: Natural Histories and Field Guides
Chapter 5 - Fungus
5.1 Importance
5.2 Defining Fungus
5.3 Fungus-like Organisms
5.4 Kingdom Fungi
5.5 Spore Dispersal
Wind Dispersal
Water Dispersal
Animal Dispersal
Bursting-cell Dispersal
Rounding-off Dispersal
Basidiospore Discharge
5.6 Ecological Role of Fungus
Lichen
5.7 Mushroom Hunting
5.8 Field Guide: Fungus
How to Identify Fungus
Fungus Species
Fungus-Natural History Journal Pages
Chapter 6 - Plants
6.1 Plant Basics
6.2 Plant Divisions
Moss
Ferns
Conifers - The Evergreen, Needleleaf, Coniferous, Conebearing, Gymnosperm, Softwood Trees
Flowering Plants - Broadleaf, Deciduous, Angiosperm, Hardwood
6.3 The Woody Structures
6.4 What Happens to Leaves in the Fall?
6.5 Ecological Importance of Trees
Review Questions
6.6 Field Guide: Primitive Plants
Kingdom Protista-The Phytoplankton, Green Algae
Kingdom Plantae-Division Bryophyta, The ""Mosses""
6.7 Field Guide: Herbaceous Plants
Ferns and Their Relatives
Wildflowers
Plant Families to Know
Identification Key
6.8 Field Guide: Identifying Trees
Questions to Ask Yourself
Conifers
Deciduous Trees
Meeting-a-Tree Chart
Tree Identification Keys
Which Tree Key Should I Use?
Coniferous Tree Key
Deciduous Tree Keys (Broadleaf Trees and Shrubs)
OPPOSITE Branching
ALTERNATE Branching
6.9 Field Guide: Trees and Shrubs
Conifers (Evergreen; Needleleaf)
Deciduous (Broadleaf)
Opposite Branching
Alternate Branching
Herbaceous Plant Species-Natural History Journal Pages
Coniferous Tree-Natural History Journal Pages
Deciduous Tree/Shrub-Natural History Journal Pages
Chapter 7 - Invertebrate Animals
7.1 Animal-Like Organisms: Kingdom Protista
Review Questions
7.2 Freshwater Invertebrates: Kingdom Animalia
7.3 Arthropods
Class Insecta
Class Arachnida-Spiders, Ticks, and Mites
Subphylum Crustacea-Zooplankton and Crayfish
Class Diplopoda-Millipedes
Class Chilopoda-Centipedes
Review Questions
7.4 Field Guide: Insects, Spiders, and Other Arthropods
Arthropod Identification Key
Arthropod Species
Class Insecta-The Insects
Class Arachnida-Spiders and Ticks
Crustaceans, Millipedes, and Centipedes
Arthropods-Natural History Journal Pages
Chapter 8 - Vertebrate Animals
8.1 Fish
Overview
Fish Classes
Lamprey-Class Agnatha
Sturgeon-Class Actinopterygii
Bony Fish-Class Osteichthyes
Body Shapes
Coloration
Types of Fins
Scales
Age and Growth
Mucus
Swim Bladder
Physiology
Migration
Fish Management
What Can I Do?
Review Questions
Fish-Natural History Journal Pages
8.2 Amphibians
Overview
Amphibian Evolution
Frogs and Toads-Order Anura
Metamorphosis
Salamanders-Order Caudata
Amphibian Anatomy and Physiology
Vocalizations
Migration
Dormancy
Amphibian Decline
Why Should We Care? What Can We Do?
Review Questions
Field Guide: Amphibians
Frogs
Salamanders
Amphibians-Natural History Journal Pages
8.3 Reptiles
Overview
Distribution
Reptile Evolution
Types of Reptiles
Reptilian Skin and Skeletal Features
Reptile Physiology
Growth and Longevity
Reptile Threats
What Is Being Done?
Review Questions
Field Guide: Reptiles
Turtles
Snakes
Reptiles-Natural History Journal Pages
8.4 Birds
Overview
Bird Evolution
Archaeopteryx
Form Follows Function
Anatomy
Feather Colors
Sexual Dimorphism
Molting
Feather Types and Characteristics
Flight
Skeletal Structures
Muscles
Bird Eggs and the Young
Physiology
Bird Behavior
Territoriality
Vocalizations
Mating Systems
Nests and Nesting
Migration and Navigation
Bird Conservation and Management
What Can We Do to Help the Birds?
Making Connections
Review Questions
Field Guide: Birds
Determine the Bird Size
What is the Bird's Shape?
Silhouettes
Field Marks
Patterns in Flight
Foraging Style
Habitat
Common Birds to Know
Bird Species
Birds-Natural History Journal Page
8.5 Mammals
Overview
Mammal Evolution
Groups of Mammals
Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals
Skin Glands
Mammary Glands
Sweat Glands
Hair Structures and Functions
Mammal Physiology
Skeletal System
The Teeth
Skull Comparison
What Can You Do?
Review Questions
Field Guide: Mammals
Signs of Mammals
Mammal Species
Mammals-Natural History Journal Pages
8.6 Chordate Characteristics Comparison Chart
Conclusion: Wrapping the Bundle
References
Index
