Full Description
The Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights is the most comprehensive reference work in the field of international human rights protection.
Comprising over 340 entries, presented alphabetically, and available online and in print, the Encyclopedia addresses the full range of themes associated with the study and practice of human rights in the modern world. Topics range from substantive human rights to the relevant institutions, legal documents, conceptual and procedural issues of international law and a wide variety of thematic entries. The Encyclopedia has a distinct focus on international human rights law but at the same time is enriched by approaches from the broader social sciences, making it a truly unique and multi-disciplinary resource.
The Encyclopedia boasts an incredibly diverse author team, featuring contributions from close to 300 scholars and practitioners from more than 65 countries, representing all regions of the world. Contributors include leading experts in their respective fields - among them current and former UN Special Rapporteurs and Independent Experts, renowned academics, judges of national, international and regional (human rights) courts, members of universal and regional human rights bodies, members of the International Law Commission, as well as legal advisors of foreign offices and international and non-governmental organizations.
Key Features:
Over 340 entries
Entries organized alphabetically for ease of navigation
Fully cross-referenced
Entries written by practitioners and scholars from around the world
World class editorial team
Contents
Abortion
Leah Hoctor, Centre for Reproductive Rights, Switzerland
Absolute and Relative Rights
Prof Dr Manfred Nowak, Global Campus of Human Rights, Italy, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (1993-2001), Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2004-10), Independent Expert for the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty (2016-)
Abuse of Rights
Dr Philipp Janig, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Access to Information
Dr Yota Negishi, Seinan Gakuin University, Japan
Access to Justice
Leander Beinlich, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador)
Prof Oswaldo Ruiz-Chiriboga†, Central European University, Austria
Adequate Standard of Living, Right to Prof Dr René Urueña, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia & María Cecilia Ibáñez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Admissibility (of Individual Communications and Complaints)
Prof Dr Andreas Th. Müller, University of Innsbruck, Austria
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (AfCHPR)
Dr Allwell Uwazuruike, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC)
Prof Dr Chris Maina Peter, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Member of the International Commission (2012-)
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR)
Prof Frans Viljoen, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Member of the Advisory Committee of the UN Human Rights Council (2021-24)
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACtHPR)
Dr Micha Wiebusch, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, UNU-CRIS, IOB, SOAS
African Union (AU)
Dr Olufemi Amao, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
African Youth Charter
Prof Dr Francesco Seatzu, University of Cagliari, Italy
Afro-descendants
Prof Ricardo A Sunga III, De La Salle University, Philippines, Member of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent (2014-21)
American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)
Prof Dr Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, Judge at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2013-)
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
Prof Dr Flavia Piovesan, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Brazil, Commissioner of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2018-21) & Julia Cortez da Cunha Cruz, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Amicus Curiae
Dr Astrid Wiik, German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany
Amnesties
Prof Dr René Urueña, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
Amnesty International
Dr Martin Hollmann, Amnesty International, Norway; Nathaniel Baverstock, Amnesty International, United Kingdom; Adam Mahoney, Amnesty International, Norway & Krittika Vishwanath, Amnesty International, United Kingdom
Animal Rights Prof Dr Anne Peters, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany, Venice Commission of the Council of Europe (2011-15)
Arab Charter Committee of Human Rights Prof Mohammed Amin Al-Midani, Arab Centre for International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Education, France
Arab Charter on Human Rights
Prof Dr Irmgard Marboe, University of Vienna, Austria
Arab Court of Human Rights
Dr Marie Ghantous, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon
Armed Conflict
Dr Amrei Müller, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Armed Non-State Actors
Marcos Kotlik, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Artificial Intelligence
Prof Dr Alessandro Mantelero, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy
ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)
Desi Hanara, ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights (2018-21), Indonesia & Edmund Bon, Mahidol University, Thailand, Member of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (2016-19)
Asian Values
Dr Mike Hayes, Mahidol University, Thailand
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Dr Randy W Nandyatama, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Asylum, Right to
Prof Mark Gibney, University of North Carolina-Asheville, USA
Attribution
Dr Carlo de Stefano, Roma Tre University, Italy
Austerity Measures
Dr Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Argentina, Independent Expert on the Effects of Foreign Debt and Other Related International Financial Obligations of States on the Full Enjoyment of All Human Rights, particularly Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(2014-20)
Autonomous Weapons Systems Verena Jackson, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Autonomy, Right to
Dr Hans-Joachim Heintze, University of the Ruhr Bochum, Germany
Black Sites
Dr Sophie Duroy, KFG Berlin-Potsdam 'The International Rule of Law: Rise or Decline?', Germany
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Dr Turan Kayaoğlu, University of Washington, Tacoma, USA
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR)
Prof Dr Werner Schroeder, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN Charter)
Dr Randy W Nandyatama, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Child Soldiers
Dr Donald Riznik, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Children
Prof Ann Skelton, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Member of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2021-)
Children and Young Persons, Rights of
Dr Helmut Sax, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, Austria, Member of the CoE Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA, 2011-18)
Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness Dr Federica I Paddeu, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Civil Society and Social Movements Dr Markus Thiel, Florida International University, USA
Climate Change
Dr Margit Ammer, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, Austria
Collective and Group Rights
Emeritus Prof Dr Robert McCorquodale, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, Member of the Working Group on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises (2022-)
Collective Punishment
Dr Cornelia Klocker, University of Konstanz, Germany
Colonialism
Beatrice Walton, Law Clerk at the US Court of Appeals, Yale University, USA
Commissions of Inquiry
Prof Christian Henderson, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
Common Heritage of Mankind
Tomas Heidar, Member of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2014-) & Fernanda Millicay, Permanent Representative of Argentina to the International Maritime Organization
Community Interests
Dr Jane A Hofbauer, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Consular Assistance, Right to
Khawar Qureshi QC, McNair International, United Kingdom, Deputy Judge of the High Court in England and Wales & Catriona Nicol, McNair International LLC, Qatar
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
Dr Giuliana Monina, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, Austria
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Prof Dr Felipe Gómez Isa, University of
Deusto, Spain
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
Prof Janet E Lord, Harvard University, USA & Prof Michael Ashley Stein, Harvard University, USA
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) Dr Noam Peleg, University of New South Wales, Australia
Conventionality Control, Doctrine of Héctor Candray, SKEMA Business School, France
Core Obligations and Progressive Realization
Haris Huremagić, University of Michigan, USA
Corruption
Dr Cecily Rose, Leiden Law School, The Netherlands
Council of Europe
Prof Veronika Bílková, Charles University, Czech Republic, Institute of International Relations, Czech Republic, Venice Commission of the Council of Europe (2010-), Management Board of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (2020-)
Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU)
Dr Kevin Fredy Hinterberger, Austrian Federal Chamber of Labour, Austria
Critical Legal Theory
Prof Stephan Sonnenberg, Seoul National University, South Korea
Cross-Border Abductions
Markus Stemeseder, University of Vienna, Austria
Cultural Heritage
Prof Dr Lando Kirchmair, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Cultural Rights
Dr Pok Yin S Chow, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Customary International Law
Dr Dr Markus P Beham, University of Passau, Germany
Data Protection and Data Privacy
Dr Maria Tzanou, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Death Penalty
Prof Dr Carolyn Hoyle, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
Prof Dr Federico Lenzerini, University of Siena, Italy
Democratic Governance, Right to Prof Dr Markku Suksi, Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Development, Right to
Judith Bauder, University of Vienna, Austria
Development Cooperation
Prof Dr Wouter Vandenhole, Law and Development Research Group, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Development Displacement
Duygu Çiçek, World Bank, USA
Development Finance
Prof Dr Philipp Dann, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
Digital Rights
Prof Dr Elina Pirjatanniemi, Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Diplomatic Protection
Prof Dr Mohamed Bennouna, Judge at the International Court of Justice (2006-)
Discrimination, Prohibition of
Dr Andrea Broderick, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Domestic Enforcement of Human Rights Prof Dr Rainer Grote, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany
Due Diligence Prof Dr Serena Forlati, University of Ferrara, Italy
East African Community (EAC) Prof Dr James Thuo Gathii, Loyola University Chicago, USA
East African Court of Justice (EACJ) Prof Dr James Thuo Gathii, Loyola University Chicago, USA
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Prof Kofi Oteng Kufuor, University of East London, United Kingdom
Economic Sanctions
Isabella Brunner, University of Vienna, Austria
ECOWAS Community Court of Justice Prof Magnus Killander, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Education, Right to
Prof Laura Lundy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
Effective Remedy, Right to
Dr Stuart Wallace, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Election Observation and Assistance, International
Prof Dr Christina Binder, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany, Member of the Group of Independent Experts (GIE) on the European Charter of Local Self- Government of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (2017-)
Elections and Government, Right to Participate in
Prof Dr Christina Binder, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany, Member of
the Group of Independent Experts (GIE) on the European Charter of Local Self- Government of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (2017-)
Emergency, State of
Prof Christina M Cerna, University of Georgetown, USA, Member of the Board of Amnesty International USA (2019-21)
Energy, Right to
Marlies Hesselman, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Enforced Disappearances
Prof Ariel Dulitzky, University of Texas at Austin, USA, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2010-17)
Enforcement of Human Rights Under General International Law
Prof Dr Jörg Künzli, University of Bern, Switzerland
Environment, Right to
Prof Marcel Szabó, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary
Erga Omnes (Partes)
Dr Jane A Hofbauer, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Ethnic Cleansing
Dr Clotilde Pégorier, University of Essex, United Kingdom
European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR)
Prof József Hajdú, University of Szeged, Hungary, Member of the European Committee of Social Rights (2013-)
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture
Prof Dr Ursula Kriebaum, University of Vienna, Austria
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Prof Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) Prof Dr Christina Binder, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany, Member of the Group of Independent Experts (GIE) on the European Charter of Local Self- Government of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (2017-)
European Social Charter (ESC) Dr Amaya Úbeda de Torres, Senior Lawyer at the Council of Europe
European Union (EU)
Prof Dr Werner Schroeder, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Euthanasia
Prof Dr Stefania Negri, University of Salerno, Italy
Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies
Prof Dr Yves Haeck, Programme for Studies on Human Rights in Context, Ghent University, Belgium & Aurélie Van Baelen, Ghent University, Belgium
Export Credit Agencies
Kilian Wagner, University of Vienna, Austria
Expulsion, Protection Against Prof Dr Vincent Chetail, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland
Extradition
Prof Dr Harmen van der Wilt, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Extrajudicial Killings
Prof Christof Heyns†, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions (2010-16), Member of the Human Rights Committee (2017-21)
Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights
Dr Philipp Janig, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Fair Trial, Right to (Administrative Proceedings)
Prof Fulvia Staiano, Giustino Fortunato University, Italy
Fair Trial, Right to (Civil Proceedings)
Prof Fulvio M Palombino, University of Naples Federico II, Italy & Dr Pierfrancesco Rossi, Luiss University, Italy
Fair Trial, Right to (Criminal Proceedings) Koloman Roiger-Simek, University of Vienna, Austria
Fair Trial Rights in International Criminal Proceedings
Amir Ardelan Farhadi, Foley Hoag LLP, USA
Female Genital Mutilation
Kristen M DeRemer, South Korea
Femicide
Marijana Grandits, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Austria & Dr Tijana Tešanović, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Austria
Feminist Theories of International Law Prof Jayne C Huckerby, Duke University, USA
Food, Right to
Dr Joanna Bourke Martignoni, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland
Framework Convention on National Minorities
Prof Dr Gerhard Hafner, University of Vienna, Austria, Member of the International Law Commission (1996-2001)
Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) Dr Jane A Hofbauer, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Freedom of Assembly
Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, United Nations, Switzerland, Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association (2018-) & Prof Christopher Roberts, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Freedom of Association
Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, United Nations, Switzerland, Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association (2018-) & Prof Christopher Roberts, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Freedom of Movement and Residence of Non-Citizens
Prof Jaya Ramji-Nogales, Temple University, USA
Freedom of Opinion and Expression
Prof David Kaye, University of California, Irvine, USA, Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right
to Freedom of Opinion and Expression (2014-20)
Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion
Dr Ahmed Shaheed, University of Essex, United Kingdom, Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran (2011-16), Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief (2016-) & Rose Parris Richter, City University of New York, USA
Gender
Prof Ivana Radačić, Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences, Croatia, Member of the Working Group on Discrimination against Women and Girls (2017-) & Prof Alice M Miller, Yale University, USA
Gender Identity and Expression
Prof Dianne Otto, University of Melbourne, Australia
General Comments and Recommendations Prof Dr Vasilka Sancin, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Member of the Human Rights Committee (2019-)
General Principles of Law
Dr Philipp Janig, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Generations of Human Rights Koloman Roiger-Simek, University of Vienna, Austria
Genocide Convention (Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide)
Prof Philippe Sands, University College London, United Kingdom & Lea Main- Klingst, ClientEarth, Germany
Global Compact
Kayla Winarsky Green, BSR (Business for Social Responsibility), USA
Global Constitutionalism
Dr Wayne Sandholtz, University of Southern California, USA
Globalization
Prof Dr Michael Lysander Fremuth, University of Vienna, Austria, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, Austria
Good Governance
Prof Dr Lando Kirchmair, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Gross and Systematic Human Rights Violations
Dr Rhona KM Smith, Newcastle University, United Kingdom, Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Cambodia (2015-21)
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
Prof Dr Nicolas Bueno, UniDistance Suisse, Switzerland & Prof Dr Christine Kaufmann, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Habeas Corpus
Dr Brian R Farrell, University of Iowa, USA
Happiness, Right to
Nima Dorji, Jigme Singye Wangchuck School of Law, Bhutan
Hate Speech
Prof Dr Erica Howard, Middlesex University, United Kingdom
Health, Right to
Prof Dr Stefania Negri, University of Salerno, Italy
Historical Development of International Human Rights Law
Prof Steven Wheatley, University of Lancaster, United Kingdom
Homeless Persons
Prof Dr Tamara Walsh, University of Queensland, Australia
Housing, Right to
Prof Padraic Kenna, National University of Ireland, Republic of Ireland
Human Cloning
Prof Kerry Lynn Macintosh, Santa Clara University, USA
Human Dignity
Prof Christopher McCrudden, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
Human Duties
Dr Eric R Boot, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Human Rights Based Approach
Walter Suntinger, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Austria
Human Rights Conditionality
Prof Daniela Sicurelli, University of Trento, Italy
Human Rights Defenders
Adam Drnovsky, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Human Rights Education
Prof Dr Wolfgang Benedek, University of Graz, Austria
Human Rights Impact Assessment
Ravi Prakash Vyas, Kathmandu School of Law, Nepal
Human Rights Indicators
Dr Hans-Otto Sano, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark
Human Rights Scepticism
Prof George Ulrich, Global Campus of Human Rights, Italy
Human Rights Watch (HRW)
Dr Fiona McGaughey, University of Western Australia, Australia
Human Security
Dr Dorothy Estrada-Tanck, University of Murcia, Spain, Vice-Chair of the Working Group on Discrimination against Women and Girls (2020-)
Human Trafficking
Prof Yoon Jin Shin, Seoul National University, South Korea
Humanitarian Intervention
Prof Christian J Tams, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany
ILO Standards
Lee Swepston, International Labour Organization (retired), France, Visiting Professor at Lund University, Sweden
Immunity of States and State Officials Dr Donald Riznik, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
In Absentia Trials
Viktoria Ritter, University of Vienna, Austria
Independence of Domestic Courts
Sara Mansour Fallah, University of Vienna, Austria
Independent Experts and Special Rapporteurs (Special Procedures)
Prof Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar
Indigenous Peoples
Dr Dalee Sambo Dorough, University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA
Individual and Collective Communications or Complaint Procedures
Diana Rucavado Rojas, King's College London, United Kingdom
Infectious Diseases
Dr Pedro A Villarreal, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany
Inquiry Procedures
Prof Dr Manuel Brunner, Police Academy Lower Saxony, Germany
Intellectual Property Rights
Prof Dr Duncan Matthews, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)
Prof Flavia Piovesan, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Brazil, Commissioner of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2018-21) & Julia Cortez da Cunha Cruz, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons (IACFDP)
Dr Rainer Huhle, University of Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany, Member of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances (2011-19)
Inter-American Convention on Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons
Prof Dr Francesco Seatzu, University of Cagliari, Italy
Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women
Prof Dr Encarnación Carmona, University of Alcalá, Spain
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)
Prof Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, Judge at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2013-)
Interception at Sea
Prof Irini Papanicolopulu, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Intergenerational Equity
Dr Katalin Sulyok, Eötvös Loránd (ELTE) University, Hungary, Chief Legal Advisor to the Ombudsman for Future Generations, Hungary
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Viktoria Baumgartl, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Prof Dr Daniel-Erasmus Khan, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED)
Prof Bernard Duhaime, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2014-21) & Rhiannon Painter, United Nations, Switzerland
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
Prof E Tendayi Achiume, UCLA School of Law, USA, Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (2017-) & Dianne Lake, Yale University, USA
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICMW)
Dr Ryszard Cholewinski, International Labour Organization (ILO), Regional Office for Arab States, Lebanon
International Cooperation
Prof Dr Stephanie Schiedermair, Leipzig University, Germany
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Prof Dr Bruno Simma, University of Michigan, USA, Member of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1987-96), Member of the International Law Commission (1996-2003), Judge at the International Court of Justice (2003-12)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Prof Sarah Joseph, Griffith University, Australia
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Prof Zdzisław (Dzidek) Kędzia, Mickiewicz University, Poland, Member of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2009-)
International Crimes
Dr Astrid Reisinger Coracini, University of Vienna, Austria
International Criminal Court (ICC) Prof Robert Cryer†, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
International Criminal Justice
Dr Philipp Kastner, University of Western Australia, Australia
International Criminal Law and Human Rights
Prof Dr Evelyne Schmid, University of Lausanne, Switzerland & Hana Drif, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Prof Milena Sterio, Cleveland State University, USA
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Kristopher Yue, Government of Canada, Canada
International Environmental Law and Human Rights
Dr Felicity Attard, University of Malta, Malta & Prof Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
International Finance and Human Rights Prof Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar
International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
Prof Dr Marco Sassòli, University of Geneva, Switzerland
International Investment Law and Human Rights
Prof Dr Eric De Brabandere, Leiden University, The Netherlands
International Labour Organization (ILO) Lee Swepston, International Labour Organization (retired), France, Visiting Professor at Lund University Law School, Sweden
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Dr Thomas Stubbs, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Prof Antoine Pécoud, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, France
International Organizations
Prof August Reinisch, University of Vienna, Austria, Member of the International Law Commission (2017-)
International Organizations, Immunities of Prof August Reinisch, University of Vienna, Austria, Member of the International Law Commission (2017-)
International Peace and Security
Prof Robin Geiß, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom & Dr Rebecca Mignot- Mahdavi, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
International Solidarity, Right to
Prof Obiora Chinedu Okafor, Johns Hopkins University, USA, Independent Expert on Human Rights and International Solidarity (2017-23)
International Trade Law and Human Rights Prof Michael Waibel, University of Vienna, Austria
Internet, Right to
Prof Dr Matthias C Kettemann, University of Innsbruck, Austria & Felicitas Rachinger, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Intersectionality
Dr Monika Mayrhofer, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, Austria
Inter-State Complaint Procedures
Dr Isabella Risini, Ruhr-University, Germany & Prof Geir Ulfstein, University of Oslo, Norway
Intervention, Prohibition of
Dr Ralph Janik, University of Vienna, Austria
Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina (ICCAL)
Prof Dr Armin von Bogdandy, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany, Member of the Scientific Committee of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (2008-13), President of the OECD Nuclear Energy Tribunal (2006-14) & Dr Mariela Morales Antoniazzi, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany
Jurisdiction of States
Prof Cedric Ryngaert, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
Jus Cogens
Prof Erika de Wet, University of Graz, Austria
Justiciability of Human Rights
Prof Veronika Bílková, Charles University, Czech Republic, Institute of International Relations, Czech Republic, Venice Commission of the Council of Europe (2010-), Management Board of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (2020-)
Labour and Concentration Camps
Haris Huremagić, University of Michigan, USA & Fritz Kainz, University of Virginia, USA
Land Grabbing
Prof Dr Francesco Seatzu, University of Cagliari, Italy
Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples Prof Jérémie Gilbert, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom
League of Arab States (LAS)
Prof Dr Wael Allam, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
League of Nations
Dr Taina Tuori, University of Helsinki, Finland
Legal Pluralism
Prof Dr Paul Gragl, Karl-Franzens- Universität Graz, Austria
Legal Positivism
Başak Etkin, Université Paris 2 Panthéon- Assas, France
Liberty of Person, Right to
Dr Elina Steinerte, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, Member of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (2016-)
Limitations and Restrictions of Rights
Prof Dr Thilo Marauhn, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany & Vera Strobel, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
Local and Regional Governments and Human Rights Cities
Prof Frédéric Mégret, McGill University, Canada
Margin of Appreciation
Prof Dr Yuval Shany, Hebrew University, Israel, Member of the Human Rights Committee (2013-20)
Marxist Approaches to International Law Dr Robert Knox, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom & Dr Ntina Tzouvala, Australian National University, Australia
Medical Research
Prof Alicia Ely Yamin, Harvard University, USA, Member of the UN Secretary General's Independent Accountability Panel for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health in the SDGs (2016-21) & Alison Roberts, Harvard University, USA
Migrants
Prof Dr Anuscheh Farahat, Friedrich- Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
Military Service
Assoc Prof Hitomi Takemura, Hitotsubashi University, Japan
Military Tribunals
Martin Baumgartner, University of Vienna, Austria
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Prof Dr Yousra Abourabi, International University of Rabat, Morocco
Minorities
Prof Dr Aristoteles Constantinides, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Minorities, Rights of
Prof Dr Aristoteles Constantinides, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Mothers, Rights of
Dr Anne Maree Payne, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Name, Right to a
Dr Fernand de Varennes, United Nations, Switzerland, Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues (2017-) & Dr Elżbieta Kuzborska- Pacha, OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, The Netherlands
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) Dr Jonas Grimheden, European Border and Coastguard Agency, Poland
National Liberation Movements
Dr Noelle Higgins, Maynooth University, Republic of Ireland
Nationality, Right to
Marija Dobric, Binder Grösswang Rechtsanwälte GmbH, Austria
Natural Disasters
Marlies Hesselman, University of Groningen, The Netherlands & Dr Dug Cubie, University College Cork, Republic of Ireland
Natural Law Theories
Dr Tom Sparks, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany
Negative and Positive Obligations
Prof Dinah Shelton, George Washington University, USA, Commissioner of the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights (2010-14)
No Punishment Without Law
Sebastián Green Martínez, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Spain, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (on leave), Associate at Uría Menéndez, Spain
Nomads
Prof Jérémie Gilbert, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Prof Dr Math Noortmann, Maastricht University, The Netherlands, Coventry University, United Kingdom
Non-refoulement
Dr Fanny de Weck, RISE Attorneys at Law, Zurich, Switzerland, Lecturer at the University of Lucerne, Switzerland
Non-State Actors
Prof Andrew Clapham, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland, Member of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan (2017-)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Steven Hill, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
Dr Richard Lappin, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
Christen Broecker, Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, USA & Prof Rosa Freedman, University of Reading, United Kingdom
Older Persons
Prof Andrew Byrnes, University of New South Wales, Australia
Ombudsman Institutions
Prof Dr Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer, Judge at the European Court of Human Rights (2015-)
Ordre Public (Public Policy)
Timothy McKenzie, King & Spalding LLP, USA
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Dr Mateja S Platise, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Dr Richard Lappin, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Organization of American States (OAS) Prof Flavia Piovesan, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Brazil, Commissioner of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2018-21) & Julia Cortez da Cunha Cruz, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Dr Turan Kayaoğlu, University of Washington, Tacoma, USA
Organized Crime
Dr Oliver Landwehr, European External Action Service, Austria
Peace, Right to
Prof Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar
Peacekeeping Operations Prof Dr Jan Wouters, KU Leuven, Belgium & Estelle Irambona, KU Leuven, Belgium
Peoples
Dr James Summers, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
Prof Dr Astrid Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources (PSNR)
Prof Dr Dorothée Cambou, University of Helsinki, Finland
Persons of Colour (POC)
Prof William J Aceves, California Western School of Law, USA
Persons with Disabilities
Prof Dr Theresia Degener, Protestant University of Applied Sciences Bochum, Germany, Member of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2011-18)
Positive Discrimination and Affirmative Action
Dr Andrea Broderick, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Poverty
Prof Dr Stephen P Marks, Harvard University, USA
Preventive and Administrative Detention Dr Diane Webber, Georgetown University Law Center, USA
Preventive Visits
Moritz Birk, Amnesty International, Austria
Prisoners
Helen Fair, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom & Catherine Heard, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom
Private and Family Life, Right to Respect for Prof Dr Joe Cannataci, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, University of Malta, Malta, Senior Fellow and Research Associate at Security & Defence Research, CNAM Paris (2019-), Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy (2015-21), Lead Expert and Chair of the CoE Art. 11 Expert Group, Convention 108 (2022-), Chair of the CoE Committee of Experts on Data Protection (1996-98), CoE Rapporteur on Data Protection & the Police (1993)
Private Security Companies
Dr Gábor Kajtár, Eötvös Loránd (ELTE) University, Hungary
Property, Right to
Prof Dr Ursula Kriebaum, University of Vienna, Austria
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Older Persons
Chipo Irene Rushwaya, Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa, Gambia
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Africa
Prof Dr Delia Ferri, Maynooth University, Republic of Ireland
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
Prof Dr Lilian Chenwi, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Public Interest Litigation
Prof Anne Levesque, Université d'Ottawa, Canada
Racial and Ethnic Profiling
Prof Daniel Moeckli, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Refugees
Dr Adel-Naim Reyhani, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Fundamental and Human Rights, Austria
Religious Clothing
Prof Dr Erica Howard, Middlesex University, United Kingdom
Religious Practices
Prof Heiner Bielefeldt, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief (2010-16)
Reparation for Human Rights Violations Dr Yulia Ioffe, University College London, United Kingdom
Reply, Right of
Dr Felix Hempel, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
Reproductive Rights
Leah Hoctor, Centre for Reproductive Rights, Switzerland
Reservations to Treaties
Dr Sotirios-Ioannis Lekkas, University of Groningen, The Netherlands & Prof Dr Panos Merkouris, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Respect-Protect-Fulfil
Prof Dr Manfred Nowak, Global Campus of Human Rights, Italy, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (1993-2001), Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2004-10), Independent Expert for the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty (2016-)
Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
Prof Hanspeter Neuhold, University of Vienna, Austria
Revolution, Right to
Prof Aleksandar Marsavelski, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Right Not to Be Tried or Punished Twice (Ne Bis in Idem)
Haris Huremagić, University of Michigan, USA & Fritz Kainz, University of Virginia, USA
Right to Be Recognized as a Person Before the Law
Viktoria Ritter, University of Vienna, Austria
Right to Life
Prof Dr Manfred Nowak, Global Campus of Human Rights, Italy, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (1993-2001), Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2004-10), Independent Expert for the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty (2016-)
Right to Marry and to Found a Family Prof Dr Benjamin Kneihs, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
Roma and Sinti
Dr Helen O'Nions, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
Rule of Law
PD Dr Till Patrik Holterhus, University of Göttingen, Germany
Security, Right to
Prof Liora Lazarus, University of British Columbia, Canada
Self-Determination, Right to
Dr Jane A Hofbauer, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Sexual Harassment
Verena Pirker, Ombud for Equal Treatment, Austria
Sexual Orientation
Prof Dr Andreas R Ziegler, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Sexual Rights
Prof Alice M Miller, Yale University, USA & Deekshitha Ganesan, Independent Researcher
Sharia
Dr Youcef Soufi, University of Toronto, Canada
Slavery
Cornelia Schäffer, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Slavery, Slave Trade, Servitude and Forced Labour, Prohibition of
Prof Jean Allain, Monash University, Australia
Social Security, Right to
Prof Dr Dominik Steiger, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany & Linus Mührel, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Soft Law
Rina Kuusipalo, United Nations, Palestine
Sources of International Law
Prof Dr Gleider Hernández, KU Leuven, Belgium, Open Universiteit, The Netherlands
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Prof Mwiza Jo Nkhata, University of the Free State, South Africa
Sovereignty
Prof Dr Robert Kolb, University of Geneva, Switzerland
State Reports
Prof Morten Kjærum, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Sweden
State Responsibility
Dr Jane A Hofbauer, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany & Dr Philipp Janig, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Stateless Persons
Dr Caia Vlieks, Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, The Netherlands & Dr Laura van Waas, Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, The Netherlands
Succession into Human Rights Treaties Johannes Tropper, University of Vienna, Austria
Sustainable Development
Dr Katalin Sulyok, Eötvös Loránd (ELTE) University, Hungary, Chief Legal Advisor to the Ombudsman for Future Generations, Hungary
Sustainable Development Goals
Prof Dr Alexandra R Harrington, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
Targeted Killings
Prof Mary Ellen O'Connell, University of Notre Dame, USA
Targeted Sanctions Dr Finnur Magnusson, University of Iceland, Iceland
Taxation
Céline Braumann, University of Vienna, Austria
Terrorism
Dr Ralph Janik, University of Vienna, Austria
Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL)
Prof José Manuel Barreto Soler, Catholic University of Colombia, Colombia
Torture, Prohibition of
Prof Dr Manfred Nowak, Global Campus of Human Rights, Italy, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (1993-2001), Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2004-10), Independent Expert for the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty (2016-)
Trade Union Rights
Dr Susan Kang, City University of New York, USA
Transitional Justice
Dr Rainer Huhle, University of Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany, Member of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances (2011-19)
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
Prof Surya Deva, Macquarie University, Australia, Member of the Working Group on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises (2016-22)
Treaties
Prof Dr Panos Merkouris, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Treaty Interpretation Dr Felicity Attard, University of Malta, Malta & Prof Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Queen Mary University London, United Kingdom
Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community (SADC Tribunal)
Prof Mwiza Jo Nkhata, University of the Free State, South Africa
Truth, Right to
Johannes Tropper, University of Vienna, Austria
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs)
Dr Elin Skaar, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway
UN Commission on Human Rights Adam Drnovsky, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany
Unilateral Coercive Measures
Prof Dr Alena Douhan, Belarusian State University, Belarus, Special Rapporteur on the Negative Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights (2020-)
United Nations (UN)
Prof Christopher Michaelsen, University of New South Wales, Australia
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas
Prof Dr Francesco Seatzu, University of Cagliari, Italy
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Prof Dr Gerd Oberleitner, University of Graz, Austria
United Nations Human Rights Council Eric Tistounet, Chief of the Human Rights Council Branch at the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva
United Nations Millennium Declaration Tensin Studer, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Prof Dr Manfred Nowak, Global Campus of Human Rights, Italy, Member of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (1993-2001), Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2004-10), Independent Expert for the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty (2016-)
Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
Dr Fiona McGaughey, University of Western Australia, Australia
Universalism and (Cultural) Relativism Dr Lars Grassmé Binderup, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones)
Prof Uzair Kayani, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan & Prof Sikander Ahmed Shah, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan
Urgent Measures
Prof Dr Yves Haeck, Programme for Studies on Human Rights in Context, Ghent University, Belgium & Prof Dr Clara Burbano-Herrera, Programme for Studies on Human Rights in Context, Ghent University, Belgium
Victims' Rights
Prof Melanie Klinkner, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom & Dr Ellie Smith, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
Dr Christian Strohal, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Austria
Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence
Dr Dubravka Šimonović, Croatia, Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences (2015-21)
Water, Right to
Prof Dr Pierre Thielbörger, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Weapons, International Regulations on
Dr Stuart Casey-Maslen, Global Fellowship Initiative, Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), Switzerland
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Dr Nobuo Hayashi, Swedish Defence University, Sweden
Whistleblowers
Prof David Lewis, University of Middlesex, United Kingdom
Women
Dr Meghan Campbell, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Work, Right to
Prof Dr Nicolas Bueno, UniDistance Suisse, Switzerland
Work, Right to Just and Favourable Conditions of
Prof Ben Saul, University of Sydney, Australia
Working Groups (Special Procedures) Jared Genser, Perseus Strategies, USA, Special Adviser on the Responsibility to
Protect to Secretary General Luis Almagro of the Organization of American States (2020-) & Brian Tronic, Perseus Strategies, USA
World Bank Group
Dr Dimitri Van Den Meerssche, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
