Full Description
Contributing to identity formation in ethnically and religiously diverse postcolonial societies, this book examines the role played by creole identity in Indonesia, and in particular its capital, Jakarta. While, on the one hand, it facilitates transethnic integration and promotes a specifically postcolonial sense of common nationhood due to its heterogeneous origins, creole groups of people are often perceived ambivalently in the wake of colonialism and its demise, on the other. In this book, Jacqueline Knörr analyzes the social, historical, and political contexts of creoleness both at the grassroots and the State level, showing how different sections of society engage with creole identity in order to promote collective identification transcending ethnic and religious boundaries, as well as for reasons of self-interest and ideological projects.
Contents
List of Maps and Figures
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Creole Identity and Postcolonial Diversity
Ethnic versus Transethnic Identity
National Identity in the Context of Ethnic and Transethnic References
The City as Locus and Focus
Categories of Identification and Social Discourses as Objects of Observation and Analysis
Notes on Field Research
Chapter 1. Creole Identity in Postcolonial Context
Creole Terminology at the Conceptual Crossroads of History and Ideology
Creolization and Creole Identity Beyond the Caribbean
Towards a Comparative Concept of Creole Identity
Indigenization and Ethnogenesis as Criteria of Creolization
Creoleness versus (Post-)creole Continuum
The CvP Model: Creolization versus Pidginization
The Pidgin Potential of Creole Identity for Postcolonial Nation-building
Creole Ambivalences
Chapter 2. Jakarta, Batavia, Betawi
Cityscape and City Dwellers
Historical Beginnings: Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia
Social Organization and Interethnic Relationships in Batavia
Creolization and the Emergence of the Betawi
Social Marginalization of the Betawi
The (Re-)discovery of the Betawi: Objectives and Context of State Sponsorship
Chapter 3. Orang Betawi versus Orang Jakarta
Discourses, Definitions, Dichotomies
Betawi (asli) versus pendatang
Betawi versus Betawi Asli: Ethnic References with and without 'Asli'
Betawi as Jakarta Asli
The Pidgin Potential of Betawi Culture and Identity
Orang Jakarta as a Category of Urban Identification
Creolization of Jakartan Identity?
Tradition and Modernity in the Relationship between Orang Betawi and Orang Jakarta ... and a Miss and Mister Jakarta Pageant
Chapter 4. Suku bangsa Betawi: Integration and Differentiation of Ethnic Identity
The Inner and Outer circle of the Betawi
Betawi Kota: the (Political) Spearhead of the Betawi
Betawi Pinggir: the Guardians of 'True Islam'
Betawi Udik: the Guardians of 'True Tradition'
Betawi Kota, Pinggir and Udik: Integration through Differentiation and Diversification from Within
The Arabic Dimension of Betawi-ness
Tugu: Exotics of Enclave?
Kampung Sawah: The (Christian) Betawi in the Paddy Field
Bangsawan Betawi: About the Invention of a Betawi Aristocracy
Batak Going Betawi, Or: What Is a Batak Betawi?
Chapter 5. Betawi versus Peranakan (Chinese)
Conceptual Disentanglement
Cina Benteng: the First Peranakan
Between Privilege and Expulsion: The Chinese in Batavia and Early Postcolonial Jakarta
The Repression of the Chinese during the Suharto Era
Recent Developments: 'Free the Dragon' versus 'Be(com)ing Betawi'
The Betawi's Appetite for Incorporation
Chapter 6. Orang Betawi versus Orang Indonesia: On the Connection between Ethnic Diversity and National Unity
Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika as Core Principles of National Identity
The Betawi as a Representation of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: On the Meaning of 'Diversity of Origin' for 'Unity in Diversity'
National Meanings of Betawi Indigeneity
Betawi-ization versus Javanization of the National Centre
Betawi contraorang kompeni: Postcolonial Constructions of Anticolonial Heroism
Orang Betawi and Orang Indonesia as Interconnected Categories of Identification
Chapter 7. Betawi Politics of Identity and Difference
Betawi Goes Politics: The First 'Betawi untuk Gubernur' Campaign
Indigeneity in the Production of Authenticity and Commitment
Creole Identity in the Production of Commonalities
Islam In and Out of Politics
Jakarta between National and Local Representation
Social Margins Going Ethno-politics
Betawi as a Social Class and as Urban Identification
Conclusion: Towards an Open End
Bibliography
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