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Full Description
In the 21st century, political debates appear to center on fundamental conflicts between "the people" and "elites." Most of these discussions emphasize strategies to protect and empower the oppressed masses against a predatory ruling class. Much of classical political thought, however, was written from an aristocratic point of view: that is, it ascribed paramount importance to the question of elite formation. Assuming inequality as a permanent feature of human associations, what virtues would elites need to have, what institutions and traditions would cultivate the best qualities in members of the ruling class, and curb their extravagances. Aristocratic Voices: Forgotten Arguments about Virtue, Authority, and Inequality consists of essays by political theorists who explore these questions in the works of aristocratic thinkers, both ancient and modern. The volume includes analyses of aristocratic virtues, interpretations of aristocratic assemblies and constitutions, both historic and contemporary, as well as critiques of liberal virtues and institutions. Essays on Plutarch, Nicholas of Cusa, Marsilius of Padua, Sir Thomas Elyot, John Henry Newman, Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, Henry Adams, Friedrich Nietzsche, Irving Babbitt, Oswald Spengler, Julius Evola, and Robert Nisbet explore ways of preserving and adapting the valuable aspects of the aristocratic ethos to the needs of modern societies.
Contents
Chapter 1. Aristocrat as Citizen, Citizen as Aristocrat: Plutarch's Spartan, Rousseau's General Will, and Tocqueville's Americans
Chapter 2. Representation, Consent and the Aristocratic Ethos: Two Late Medieval Theories
Chapter 3. Consent of the Governed, Natural Law, and Religious Toleration in the Pre-Liberal Tradition
Chapter 4. Thomas Elyot and Self-Government - Why the Rulers of Realms Must also Rule Themselves
Part Two: Modern Aristocratic Voices
Chapter 5. Vico and the Aristocratic Origin of Political Order
Chapter 6. Newman's Fearful Gentleman: Discourse Eight of The Idea of a University
Chapter 7. W.H. Riehl's Cure for Modernity: A Defense of National, Regional, and Social Differentiation
Chapter 8. Henry Adams: An Aristocrat Out of Time
Chapter 9. Against the Tarantulas: Nietzsche on Aristocracy
Chapter 10. Irving Babbitt on Democracy and Leadership
Chapter 11. Oswald Spengler, Aristocratic Virtues, Democracy, and the Decline and Death Of The West
Chapter 12. Julius Evola's Aristocratic Critique of Machiavellianism
Chapter 13. Authority, Hierarchy, and the Social Bond in the Aristocratic Mind of Robert Nisbet
