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Full Description
The Idea of Disability in the Eighteenth Century explores disabled people who lived in the eighteenth century. The first four essays consider philosophical writing dating between 1663 and 1788, when the understanding of disability altered dramatically. We begin with Margaret Cavendish, whose natural philosophy rejected ideas of superiority or inferiority between individuals based upon physical or mental difference. We then move to John Locke, the founder of empiricism in 1680, who believed that the basis of knowledge was observability, but who, faced with the lack of anything to observe, broke his own epistemological rules in his explanation of mental illness. Understanding the problems that empiricism set up, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Shaftesbury, turned in 1711 to moral philosophy, but also founded his philosophy on a flaw. He believed in the harmony of "the aesthetic trinity of beauty, truth, and virtue" but he could not believe that a disabled friend, whom he knew to have been moral before his physical alteration, could change inside. Lastly, we explore Thomas Reid who in 1788 returned to the body as the ground of philosophical enquiry and saw the body as a whole—complete in itself and wanting nothing, be it missing a sense (Reid was deaf) or a physical or mental capacity.
At the heart of the study of any historical artifact is the question of where to look for evidence, and when looking for evidence of disability, we have largely to rely upon texts. However, texts come in many forms, and the next two essays explore three types—the novel, the periodical and the pamphlet—which pour out their ideas of disability in different ways.
Evidence of disabled people in the eighteenth century is sparse, and the lives the more evanescent. The last four essays bring to light little known disabled people, or people who are little known for their disability, giving various forms of biographical accounts of Susanna Harrison, Sarah Scott, Priscilla Poynton and Thomas Gills, who are all but forgotten in the academic world as well as to public consciousness.
Contents
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Variability: Beyond Sameness and Difference
Chris Mounsey
Part One - Methodological
One: "Perfect according to their Kind": Deformity, Defect and Disease in the Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish
Holly Faith Nelson and Sharon Alker
Two: What's the Matter with Madness? John Locke, the Association of Ideas, and the Physiology of Thought
Jess Keiser
Three: Defections from Nature: Humanity and Deformity in Eighteenth-Century British Moral Philosophy
Paul Kelleher
Four: Thomas Reid: Power as First Philosophy
Emile Bojesen
Part Two - Conceptual
Five: 'An HOBBY-HORSE Well Worth Giving a Description of: Disability, Trauma, and Language in Tristram Shandy
Anna K. Sagal
Six: "One cannot be too secure:" Wrongful Confinement, or, the Pathologies of the Domestic Economy
Dana Gliserman Kopans
Part Three - Experiential
Seven: 'on that rock I lay': Images of Disability Found in Religious Verse
Jamie Kinsley
Eight: Attractive Deformity: Enabling the "Shocking Monster" from Sarah Scott's Agreeable Ugliness (1754)
Jason S. Farr
Nine: Reading "The Blind Poetess of Lichfield": The Consolatory Odes of Priscilla Poynton
Jess Domanico
Ten: Thomas Gills: An eighteenth-century blind poet and the language of charity
Chris Mounsey
Bibliography
Index
About the Contributors
