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CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert GuideDavid BurnsOdunayo Adesina, CCIE (R) No. 26695Keith Barker, CCIE No. 6783. Master CCNP Security IPS 642-627 exam topics . Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes. Review key concepts with exam preparation tasks. Practice with realistic exam questions on the CD-ROMLearn, prepare, and practice for exam successCCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide is a best-of-breed Cisco exam study guide that focuses specifically on the objectives for the CCNP Security IPS exam. Senior security engineers David Burns, Odunayo Adesina, and Keith Barker share preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics.CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide presents you with an organized test-preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. "Do I Know This Already?" quizzes open each chapter and enable you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapter-ending Exam Preparation Tasks help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly. The companion CD-ROM contains the powerful Pearson IT Certification Practice Test engine that enables you to focus on individual topic areas or take a complete, timed exam. The assessment engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, laying out a complete assessment of your knowledge to help you focus your study where it is needed most.Well-regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging review questions and exercises, this official study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that will enable you to succeed on the exam the first time.CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Official Cert Guide is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.The official study guide helps you master all the topics on the CCNP Security IPS exam, includingCisco IPS software, hardware, and supporting applications Network IPS and IDS deployment architecture Installing and maintaining Cisco IPS physical and virtual sensors Traffic analysis IPS signatures and responses Anomaly-based operations Improving alarm response and quality Managing and analyzing events High availability and performance IPS modules for ASAs, routers, and switchesCompanion CD-ROMThe CD-ROM contains a free, complete practice exam.Includes Exclusive Offer for 70% Off Premium Edition eBook and Practice TestPearson IT Certification Practice Test minimum system requirements:Windows XP (SP3), Windows Vista (SP2), or Windows 7; Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0 Client; Microsoft SQL Server Compact 4.0; Pentium class 1GHz processor (or equivalent); 512 MB RAM; 650 MB disc space plus 50 MB for each downloaded practice examCCNP SecurityCategory: Cisco Press-Cisco CertificationCovers: CCNP Security IPS 642-627
Contents
Introduction xxviiiPart I Introduction to Intrusion Prevention and Detection, Cisco IPS Software, and Supporting Devices 3 Chapter 1 Intrusion Prevention and Intrusion Detection Systems 5"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 5Foundation Topics 8Intrusion Prevention Overview 8Intrusion Detection Versus Intrusion Prevention 8Intrusion Prevention Terminology 9Intrusion Prevention Systems 12Features of Network Intrusion Prevention Systems 13Limitations of Network Intrusion Prevention Systems 14Network Intrusion Prevention Approaches 14Endpoint Security Controls 16Host-Based Firewalls 17API and System Call Interception 17Cisco Security Agent 17Antimalware Agents 18Data Loss Prevention Agents 19Cryptographic Data Protection 19A Systems Approach to Security 20Exam Preparation Tasks 21Review All the Key Topics 21Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 21Define Key Terms 21Chapter 2 Cisco IPS Software, Hardware, and Supporting Applications 23Overview 23"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 23Foundation Topics 26Cisco IPS Network Sensors 26Cisco IPS 4200 Series Sensors 27Cisco IPS 4240 Sensor 28Cisco IPS 4255 Sensor 29Cisco IPS 4260 Sensor 30Cisco IPS 4270 Sensor 32Sensing Interface Details 3310GE Interface Card 334GE Bypass Interface Card 332SX Interface Card 34Cisco ASA AIP SSM and AIP SSC-5 Modules 34Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series IDSM-2 Module 35Cisco AIM-IPS and NME-IPS Supported on Cisco ISR Routers 36Cisco IPS Software Architecture 38Cisco IPS Management Products 41Cisco IPS Device Manager 42Cisco IPS Manager Express 42Cisco Security Manager 43Cisco Security MARS 43Cisco Security Intelligence Operations and Cisco Security IntelliShield Alert Manager Service 45Cisco Security IntelliShield Alert Manager Service 47Summary 48References 48Exam Preparation Tasks 49Review All the Key Topics 49Definitions of Key Terms 49Chapter 3 Network IPS Traffic Analysis Methods, Evasion Possibilities, and Anti-evasive Countermeasures 51Overview 51"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 51Foundation Topics 54Network IPS Traffic Analysis Methods 54Stateful Content Matching 54Protocol Decoding 55Traffic Correlation 55Rate Analysis 55Packet Header Matching 56Packet Content Matching 56Statistical Modeling 57Event Correlation 57Network IPS Evasion Techniques 57Encryption and Tunneling 58Timing Attacks 58Resource Exhaustion 58Traffic Fragmentation 59Protocol-Level Misinterpretation 59Traffic Substitution and Insertion 60Summary 63References 63Exam Preparation Tasks 64Review All the Key Topics 64Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 64Definitions of Key Terms 64Chapter 4 Network IPS and IDS Deployment Architecture 67Overview 67"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 67Foundation Topics 70Sensor Deployment Considerations 70Security Considerations 70Prevention Mode Versus Detection Mode 70Performance Considerations 71Virtualization Requirements 72Network IPS Implementation Guidelines 72Enterprise or Provider Internet Edge 73Wide-Area Network 75Implementing an IPS in Data Centers 78Centralized Campus 79Design and Implementation Resources 81Summary 81Exam Preparation Tasks 82Review All the Key Topics 82Definitions of Key Terms 82Part II Installing and Maintaining Cisco IPS Sensors 85Chapter 5 Integrating the Cisco IPS Sensor into a Network 87Overview 87"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 87Foundation Topics 90Sensor Deployment Modes 90Deploying Sensors in Promiscuous Mode 90Deploying Sensors in Inline Interface Pair Mode 100Deploying Sensors in Inline VLAN Pair Mode 102Deploying Sensors in Inline VLAN Group Mode 103Deploying Sensors in Selective Inline Analysis Mode 105Design and Implementation Resources 107Summary 107Exam Preparation Tasks 108Review All the Key Topics 108Definitions of Key Terms 108Chapter 6 Performing the Cisco IPS Sensor Initial Setup 111Overview 111"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 111Foundation Topics 114Accessing and Using the Cisco IPS Sensor CLI 114IPS Modules 114Command-Line Interface Features 116Command-Line Interface Uses 119Command-Line Interface Modes 119Initializing the Cisco IPS Sensor 123Introducing and Configuring Cisco IPS Device Manager 126Deploying and Configuring Cisco IPS Sensor Interfaces 130Creating Promiscuous Interfaces 132Creating Inline Interface Pairs 133Creating Inline VLAN Pairs 133Creating Inline VLAN Groups 133Configuring a CDP Policy 134Configuring Traffic Flow Notifications 134Configuring Sensor Bypass 135Troubleshooting the Initial Cisco IPS Sensor Configuration 136Troubleshooting the Cisco IPS Sensor Hardware 138Restoring the Cisco IPS Sensor Default Settings 138Summary 138References 139Exam Preparation Tasks 140Review All the Key Topics 140Definitions of Key Terms 140Chapter 7 Managing Cisco IPS Devices 143Overview 143"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 143Foundation Topics 146Managing Basic IPS Sensor Device Features 146Reconfiguring Basic Network Settings 146Configuring Time and Time Zone 147Scheduling Sensor Reboots 150Viewing the Local Sensor Events Log 150Managing Users and Remote Management Channels 151Sensor Local User Accounts 151Managing the Sensor's Authentication Credentials 153Managing Remote Management Access Rules 154Managing Cisco IPS Licensing 155Upgrading and Recovering Cisco IPS Sensor Software 157Updating Cisco IPS Signatures 160Recovering System Passwords 162Monitoring Cisco IPS Sensor Health and Performance 163Displaying and Troubleshooting the Sensor 163Monitoring Sensor Health and Performance 165Summary 167References 168Exam Preparation Tasks 169Review All the Key Topics 169Definitions of Key Terms 169Part III Applying Cisco IPS Security Policies 171Chapter 8 Configuring Basic Traffic Analysis 173Overview 173"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 173Foundation Topics 176Configuring the Default Virtual Sensor 176Assigning and Verifying Traffic Sources to the Default Virtual Sensor 176Understanding Cisco IPS Sensor Inline Traffic Normalization 177Clearing Flow States 177Configuring Cisco IPS Sensor Promiscuous Mode TrafficReassembly Options 179IP Fragment Reassembly 179TCP Stream Reassembly 180Configuring TCP Session Tracking 181Understanding IPv6 Support in Cisco IPS Sensors 182Selecting and Configuring Cisco IPS Sensor Bypass 183Summary 184References 185Exam Preparation Tasks 186Review All the Key Topics 186Definitions of Key Terms 186Chapter 9 Implementing Cisco IPS Signatures and Responses 189Overview 189"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 189Foundation Topics 192Cisco IPS Signatures 192Signature Engines 193Alerts 193Configuring Basic Signature Properties 197Enabling and Disabling Signatures 200Retiring and Activating Signatures 200Configuring Signature Actions 201Signature Detective Actions 201SNMP Traps 202Signature Preventive Actions 202Managing Denied Attackers 205Detective Signature Action Implementation Guidelines 205Preventive Signature Action Implementation Guidelines 206Configuring Remote Blocking 207Using ACLs on a Router 207Configuration Tasks 208Configuring Packet Capture and IP Logging 214Downloading, Saving, and Stopping IP Logs 218Understanding Threat and Risk Management 219Risk Rating Calculation 221Threat Rating 221Understanding and Configuring Event Action Overrides 223Using Event Action Filters 226Choosing an Action Configuration Strategy 228Examining Alerts in IPS Event Logs 229Viewing Events in the Cisco IDM 232Summary 233References 234Exam Preparation Tasks 235Review All the Key Topics 235Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 235Definitions of Key Terms 235Chapter 10 Configuring Cisco IPS Signature Engines and the Signature Database 237Overview 237"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 237Foundation Topics 239Using Cisco IPS Signature Engines and Configuring CommonSignature Engine Parameters 239Signature and Signature Engines 239Trigger Counting 243Summary Key 244Alarm Summarization 244Dynamic Alarm Summarization 244Deploying ATOMIC Signature Engines 245ATOMIC IP Signature Example 245Implementation Guidelines for ATOMIC Signature Engines 246Deploying STRING Signature Engines 246STRING TCP Signature Example 246Implementation Guidelines for STRING Signature Engines 247Deploying SERVICE Signature Engines 247SERVICE HTTP Signature Example 248Implementation Guidelines for SERVICE Signature Engines 248Deploying FLOOD Signature Engines 249FLOOD Signature Example 249Implementation Guidelines for FLOOD Signature Engines 249Deploying SWEEP Signature Engines 250SWEEP Signature Example 250Implementation Guidelines for SWEEP Signature Engines 250Deploying the META Signature Engine 251META Correlation Example 251Implementation Guidelines for META Signature Engines 251Deploying the NORMALIZER Engine 252NORMALIZER Engine Example 252Implementation Guidelines for the NORMALIZER Engine 252Deploying Other Engines 253AIC Signature Engine Example 253Implementation Guidelines for AIC Engines 253Summary 254References 254Exam Preparation Tasks 255Review All the Key Topics 255Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 255Definitions of Key Terms 255Chapter 11 Deploying Anomaly-Based Operation 257Overview 257"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 257Foundation Topics 259Anomaly Detection Overview 259Scanning Worm Details 259Anomaly Detection Components 260Histograms 261Zones 261Learning 261Signatures Related to Anomaly Detection 262Configuring Anomaly Detection 262Default Anomaly Detection Policy ad0 262Verifying Anomaly Detection 271Verifying Anomaly Detection at the Command Line 273Troubleshooting Anomaly Detection 274Summary 275References 275Exam Preparation Tasks 276Review All the Key Topics 276Definitions of Key Terms 276Part IV Adapting Traffic Analysis and Response to the Environment 279Chapter 12 Customizing Traffic Analysis 281Overview 281"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 281Foundation Topics 283Understanding Custom Signatures 283Creating Custom Signature Guidelines 283Selecting Criteria to Match 284Regular Expressions 284Using the Custom Signature Wizard 285Signature Wizard, Specifying the Engine 286Verifying the Custom Signature 293Signature Wizard, Without Specifying the Engine 297Creating Custom Signatures, Without the Wizard 306Summary 308References 308Exam Preparation Tasks 309Review All the Key Topics 309Definitions of Key Terms 309Chapter 13 Managing False Positives and False Negatives 311Overview 311"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 311Foundation Topics 313Identifying False Positives and False Negatives 313False Positives 313False Negatives 313Tuning Consequences 314Tuning Process Prioritization 314Tuning to Reduce False Positives 314Do No Harm, Initially 315Learning About the Signatures and Why They Triggered a False Positive 316Selecting and Verifying Signatures and Rules in Place 316Removing All Aggressive Actions 317Adding Verbose Alerts and Logging 319Using the Alert Data and Logging to Tune Out False Positives 322Tuning the Signatures Based on Your Network 327Removing the Preliminary Overrides and Filters 328Tuning the Sensor to Reduce False Negatives 329Tuning a Specific Signature 330Promiscuous Mode IP Reassembly 331TCP Reassembly Mode 333Normalizer Tuning 334Application-Layer Decoding and Deobfuscation 335Encrypted Traffic 335Summary 336References 336Exam Preparation Tasks 337Review All the Key Topics 337Definitions of Key Terms 337Chapter 14 Improving Alarm and Response Quality 339Overview 339"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 339Foundation Topics 341Identifying and Adjusting Risk-Rating Components 341Formula for Risk Rating 341Using Attack Severity and Signature Fidelity Ratings 342Target Value Ratings 343Attack Relevancy Rating 345Watch List Rating 346Operating System Fingerprinting 346Global Correlation and Reputation-Based Filtering 351Reputation Filters 351Global Correlation 351Summary 355References 355Exam Preparation Tasks 356Review All the Key Topics 356Definitions of Key Terms 356Part V Managing and Analyzing Events 359Chapter 15 Installing and Integrating Cisco IPS Manager Express with Cisco IPS Sensors 361Overview 361"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 361Foundation Topics 364Cisco IPS Manager Express Overview 364Cisco IME Versus Cisco IDM 365Installing Cisco IPS Manager Express 366Installing Cisco IME 367Integrating Cisco IPS Manager Express with Cisco IPS Sensors 370Tuning the Cisco IPS Sensor 374Using and Customizing the Cisco IPS Manager Express User Interface 376Customizing Cisco IME: Dashboards 378Adding Gadgets 380Customizing Cisco IME: Cisco Security Center 382Summary 385References 386Exam Preparation Tasks 387Review All the Key Topics 387Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 387Definitions of Key Terms 387Chapter 16 Managing and Investigating Events Using Cisco IPS Manager Express 389Overview 389"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 389Foundation Topics 391Managing IPS Events Using Cisco IPS Manager Express 391Event Monitoring Views 391Creating and Customizing Event Views 393View Settings 393Customizing Event Views 395Tuning and Creating IME Filters from the Event Display 398Saving and Deleting Events 400Investigating IPS Events Using Cisco IPS Manager Express 401Acting on IPS Events Using Cisco IPS Manager Express 405Exporting, Importing,and Archiving Events 408Summary 409Exam Preparation Tasks 410Review All the Key Topics 410Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 410Definitions of Key Terms 410Chapter 17 Using Cisco IPS Manager Express Correlation, Reporting, Notification, and Archiving 413Overview 413"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 413Foundation Topics 415Configuring Event Reporting in Cisco IME 415IME Reporting 415Configuring and Generating Reports 416Event Dashboards 417Using Notifications in Cisco IME 418Summary 420References 420Exam Preparation Tasks 421Review All the Key Topics 421Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 421Definitions of Key Terms 421Chapter 18 Integrating Cisco IPS with CSM and Cisco Security MARS 423Overview 423"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 423Foundation Topics 425Configuring Integration with Cisco Security Manager 425Cisco Security Manager 4.0 Features and Benefits 425Managing Cisco IPS Sensors Using Cisco Security Manager 428Adding Sensors to Cisco Security Manager 429Configuring Integration with Cisco Security MARS 431Add a Cisco IPS Sensor to MARS 432Event Feed Verification 434Cisco Security Manager (CSM) and MARS Cross-Launch Capability 435Summary 436References 437Exam Preparation Tasks 438Review All the Key Topics 438Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 438Definitions of Key Terms 438Chapter 19 Using the Cisco IntelliShield Database and Services 441Overview 441"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 441Foundation Topics 443Using Cisco Security Intelligence Operations 443Security Alerts 444Threat Analysis and Reporting 445Resources 446Products and Services Updates 448IPS Threat Defense Bulletin 448Using Cisco IntelliShield Alert Manager Service 449Home Page 451Alerts 452IPS Signatures 454Inbox 455Product Sets 456New Product Sets 458Notifications 459Reports 460Preferences 461Users 461Groups 461IntelliShield Alert Manager Service Subscription 461Summary 461References 462Exam Preparation Tasks 463Review All the Key Topics 463Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 463Definitions of Key Terms 463Part VI Deploying Virtualization, High Availability, and High-Performance Solutions 465Chapter 20 Using Cisco IPS Virtual Sensors 467Overview 467"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 467Foundation Topics 469Sensor Virtualization Overview 469Virtual IPS 469Adding, Editing, and Configuring Virtual Sensors 470Verifying Virtual Sensor Operation 475Summary 478References 478Exam Preparation Tasks 479Review All the Key Topics 479Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 479Definitions of Key Terms 479Chapter 21 Deploying Cisco IPS for High Availability and High Performance 481Overview 481"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 481Foundation Topics 483High-Availability Solutions for Cisco IPS Deployments 483Switching-Based Sensor High Availability 484EtherChannel-Based High Availability 485Inline Mode Redundant IPS Sensor Deployment Using a Single Switch 486Promiscuous Mode Redundant IPS Sensor Deployment Using a Single Switch 486EtherChannel-Based High-Availability Implementation Guidelines 486STP-Based High Availability 487STP-Based High-Availability Implementation Guidelines 487Routing-Based Sensor High Availability 488Routing-Based Sensor High-Availability Implementation Guidelines 488Cisco ASA-Based Sensor High Availability 489Cisco ASA-Based Sensor High-Availability Implementation Guidelines 490Cisco IPS Sensor Performance Overview 491Performance Issues 491Detecting Performance Issues 492Configuring Traffic Flow Notifications 492Inspecting Performance-Related Gadgets 493Checking Switch SPAN Interfaces for Dropped Packets 495Scaling SPAN Sessions 496Increasing Performance Using Load Sharing 497ECLB with Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switch and IDSM-2 497Guidelines for Increasing Performance Using Load-Sharing Implementation 497Increasing Performance Using Traffic Reduction 498Cisco ASA IPS Modules-Inline Operation 498Cisco ASA IPS Modules-Promiscuous Operation 498Cisco Catalyst Switches-VACL Capture 498Summary 499References 499Exam Preparation Tasks 500Review All the Key Topics 500Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 500Definitions of Key Terms 500Part VII Configuring and Maintaining Specific Cisco IPS Hardware 503Chapter 22 Configuring and Maintaining the Cisco ASA AIP SSM Modules 505Overview 505"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 505Foundation Topics 508Overview of the Cisco ASA AIP SSM and AIP SSC Modules 508Inline Operation 510Promiscuous Operation 510Single-Mode Cisco ASA with Multiple Virtual Sensors 511Cisco ASA with Security Contexts and Virtual Sensors 512Deployment Guidelines-ASA AIP SSM and SSC 512Initializing the Cisco ASA AIP SSM and AIP SSC Modules 512Initial Configuration of the AIP SSM and AIP SSC 514Software Update of the AIP SSM and AIP SSC 516Basic Configuration of the AIP SSM and AIP SSC 520Access the AIP SSM and AIP SSC Through the Cisco IDM or ASDM 523Redirecting Traffic to the Cisco ASA AIP SSM and AIP SSC Modules 525Traffic Redirection Policy Configuration Using the Cisco ASDM 526Traffic Redirection Policy Configuration Using the CLI 529Troubleshooting the Cisco ASA AIP SSM and AIP SSC Modules 530Summary 531References 531Exam Preparation Tasks 532Review All the Key Topics 532Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 532Definitions of Key Terms 532Chapter 23 Configuring and Maintaining the Cisco ISR AIM-IPS and NME-IPS Modules 535Overview 535"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 535Foundation Topics 538Overview of the Cisco ISR AIM-IPS and NME-IPS Modules 538Inline Operation 540Promiscuous Operation 540AIM-IPS and Router Communication 541NME-IPS and Router Communication 542Initializing the Cisco ISR AIM-IPS and NME-IPS 543Initial Configuration of the AIM-IPS and NME-IPS 545Redirecting Traffic to the Cisco AIM-IPS and NME-IPS 546Troubleshooting the Cisco AIM-IPS and NME-IPS 547Heartbeat Operation 547Rebooting, Resetting, and Shutdown Procedures 548Password Recovery Procedure 549IPS Module Interoperability 550Summary 550References 551Exam Preparation Tasks 552Review All the Key Topics 552Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 552Definitions of Key Terms 552Chapter 24 Configuring and Maintaining the Cisco IDSM-2 555Overview 555"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 555Foundation Topics 557Overview of the Cisco IDSM-2 557Inline Operation 560Promiscuous Operation 561Initializing the Cisco IDSM-2 562Installing the Cisco IDSM-2 562Initial Configuration of the Cisco IDSM-2 564Command and Control Access for the Cisco IDSM-2 568Redirecting Traffic to the Cisco IDSM-2 568Maintaining the Cisco IDSM-2 572Upgrade Procedure 572Recovery Procedure 572Upgrading the Application Partition 572Re-imaging the Maintenance Partition 577Troubleshooting the Cisco IDSM-2 577Password Recovery 577Summary 578References 579Exam Preparation Tasks 580Review All the Key Topics 580Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 580Definitions of Key Terms 580Part VIII Final Exam Preparation 583Chapter 25 Final Preparation 585Tools for Final Preparation 585Pearson Cert Practice Test Engine and Questions on the CD 585Install the Software from the CD 586Activate and Download the Practice Exam 586Activating Other Exams 587Premium Edition 587Cisco Learning Network 587Memory Tables 588Chapter-Ending Review Tools 588Suggested Plan for Final Review/Study 588Step 1: Review the Key Topics and the "Do I Know This Already?" Questions from the Beginning of the Chapter 589Step 2: Complete the Memory Tables 589Step 3: Do Hands-On Practice 589Step 4: Build Configuration Checklists 590Step 5: Use the Exam Engine 590Summary 591Part IX AppendixesAppendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes 595Appendix B CCNP Security IPS 642-627 Exam Updates, Version 1.0 609Glossary 613Index 619Appendix C Memory Tables (CD Only)Appendix D Memory Tables Answer Key (CD Only)9781587142550 TOC 9/23/2011