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In this book, Hugo Micheron retraces the history of European Jihadism from the war in Afghanistan in the 1990s to the present day. Over a period of some thirty years, Jihadist ideas spread to the main cities of Europe, where they were disseminated by thousands of Islamic activists. These ideas were also embedded in online media which connect Islamic communities across the world. Micheron argues that the development of Jihadism has not been linear: it has followed a sinusoidal path marked by ebbs and flows. At high tide, the movement is visible and its sympathizers give priority to armed jihad. They seek to mediatize their operations in order to galvanize sympathizers, draw in new recruits and intimidate adversaries. These periods of high tide are the times when they most often employ terrorism. At low tide, jihadism seems to have been defeated. Organizations are dismantled and they no longer have the operational capacity to conduct large-scale attacks. To the external observer, armed jihad seems to have disappeared, and its threat is correspondingly weakened. But jihadism has not disappeared: it has merely mutated. Armed struggle has been replaced by ideological struggle. This wave-like movement of jihadism is poorly understood in the West. Observers tend to measure the threat only in terms of overt terrorist attacks and they ignore the mutations that occur during the periods of low tide, and hence they fail to appreciate the reconfigurations of jihadism that take place over the long term. Based on archival research as well as numerous interviews, Micheron provides the first full history of European jihadism. He shows that jihadism has ebbed and flowed in Europe with astonishing regularity, at a rate of one complete cycle per decade. It originated in the war in Afghanistan in the 1980s, put down roots in Europe in the 1990s, spread throughout the continent after September 11, 2001, and expanded to new horizons with the emergence of Islamic State in Iraq and then Syria, where it changed scale. In the post-IS period, it underwent new phases of mutation, in prisons and within European societies, which makes it all the more urgent to understand this broad movement today. Unrivalled in the breadth and depth of its coverage, this book will be of great interest to anyone concerned about the threats faced by Western democracies today, as well as students and scholars of political science, IR, terrorism and extremism. In this book, Hugo Micheron retraces the history of European Jihadism from the war in Afghanistan in the 1990s to the present day. Over a period of some thirty years, Jihadist ideas spread to the main cities of Europe, where they were disseminated by thousands of Islamic activists. These ideas were also embedded in online media which connect Islamic communities across the world. Micheron argues that the development of Jihadism has not been linear: it has followed a sinusoidal path marked by ebbs and flows. At high tide, the movement is visible and its sympathizers give priority to armed jihad. They seek to mediatize their operations in order to galvanize sympathizers, draw in new recruits and intimidate adversaries. These periods of high tide are the times when they most often employ terrorism. At low tide, jihadism seems to have been defeated. Organizations are dismantled and they no longer have the operational capacity to conduct large-scale attacks. To the external observer, armed jihad seems to have disappeared, and its threat is correspondingly weakened. But jihadism has not disappeared: it has merely mutated. Armed struggle has been replaced by ideological struggle. This wave-like movement of jihadism is poorly understood in the West. Observers tend to measure the threat only in terms of overt terrorist attacks and they ignore the mutations that occur during the periods of low tide, and hence they fail to appreciate the reconfigurations of jihadism that take place over the long term. Based on archival research as well as numerous interviews, Micheron provides the first full history of European jihadism. He shows that jihadism has ebbed and flowed in Europe with astonishing regularity, at a rate of one complete cycle per decade. It originated in the war in Afghanistan in the 1980s, put down roots in Europe in the 1990s, spread throughout the continent after September 11, 2001, and expanded to new horizons with the emergence of Islamic State in Iraq and then Syria, where it changed scale. In the post-IS period, it underwent new phases of mutation, in prisons and within European societies, which makes it all the more urgent to understand this broad movement today. Unrivalled in the breadth and depth of its coverage, this book will be of great interest to anyone concerned about the threats faced by Western democracies today, as well as students and scholars of political science, IR, terrorism and extremism.
Contents
Introduction
Note on Terminology
I
THE VETERANS—THE 1990s
1. Afghanistan: Return to the Source
Fifty Shades of Red: The USSR and the Afghan Quagmire
The Arrears of Afghan Jihad
Fifty Shades of Green: The Intellectual Matrix of Jihadism
Peshawar, 1992: Ground Zero
2. The Preaching Machines, from Peshawar to London
Preaching Machines in Europe
London, the European Peshawar
The Emirs of Londonistan
The Paradoxes of the Establishment of Jihad in the West
Omar Bakri's Project: Transforming European Islam
3. Bosnia and Scandinavia: The Periphery of European Jihadism?
Slags from the Bosnian Hearth
The Blind Sheikh and the Danish Refuge: The First World Trade Center Attacks
4. Algeria and Belgium at a Crossroads
Brussels, Molenbeek, and the Canal Municipalities
The Structure of Belgian Islam: Salafists, Brothers, and the Question of Grooming
The Arrival of the Veterans
Algeria's Black Decade
France and the GIA's European Campaign (1994-1996)
5. London: "The New Peshawar of the Islamic Revival"
Contributing to Jihad from London
The War of the Mosques
6. The Afghanistan Emirate and September 11
The Taliban, Heart of Global Jihad
Afghanistan, Global Terrorist Factory
The Emirate's European Representatives
September 11 as Culmination
II
THE PIONEERS—THE 2000s
1. The War on Terror
No Transition: From Afghanistan to Iraq
Shock and Awe
2. Europe, Caught in the Middle
The Saudi Response: Strengthen Salafism in Europe
The Decline and Resilience of Londonistan: The Subversion of Open Societies
Awlaqi, the New Face of Western Jihad
3. From Ulm to Toulouse: Passing the Baton to the Pioneers
The German Mode
The Other Battle of Ulm
Toulouse, Brussels, Cairo: The Wanderings and Emancipation of the Pioneers
Preaching Machines Behind Bars
4. The Fuse of European Terrorism
Madrid, March 11, 2004
The Dutch Error, November 2, 2004
The Dispersal of Londonistan
Leeds and London, July 7, 2005
Danish Satire, September 30, 2005
5. The Acceleration of Salafism in Europe
Jihadist Cells in Denmark and Sweden
From Ulm to Afghanistan: The Pioneers of Sauerland
European Prisons at the Crossroads of the Global and the Local
6. The End of Jihad in Iraq and the Digital Revolution of Jihadism
The Growing Autonomy of the Europeans in Afghanistan
The Westernization of Propaganda and the Revival of the Cartoon Affair in New York
III
THE NATIVES
1. Before ISIS: The Sharia Networks in Europe
London Calling: The Establishment of Pan-European Sharia Networks
Authoritarianism Runs Out of Steam in the Arab World: The First Steps of an Explosion
Rising Waters: Sharia Zones in Denmark and England (2011)
The First Attacks in Europe and the Syrian Backdrop (2012)
Point of No Return (2013)
Same Combat in Dinslaken and Lunel
2. ISIS, an Attempt at Jihadist Submersion
ISIS's Warning Shot
The Echo of the Call to the "Caliphate" in Europe
Women, the Blind Spot of Jihadism
The Attacks
The Terror Cell and the Networks of the Aleppo Hospital
The 2014 Campaign
January-February 2014: The Bloody Return of the Cartoons
Return to Copenhagen: The Endless Spiral of "Revenge"
Verviers, Prelude to November 13
From Raqqa to Paris via Brussels: November 13
From Paris to Brussels, the Resolution: March 22
2016-2018: The Resourcefulness of the "Caliphate" System
3. After ISIS: The Jihadist Deline and Islamist Reconfigurations in Europe
The Fall of the "Caliphate"
Ephemeral Caliphate, Permanent Utopia
Growing Up in the Al-Hol Camp
The Prisons
The Materialization of the Security Threat in European Prisons
Penal Institutions Under Pressure
The Neighbourhoods
The Two Molenbeeks
The Murder of Samuel Paty and French-Bashing: Symbols of the Post-ISIS Period
The Return of the Taliban and the Death of the Al-Qaeda Leader
4. The Return of Hot Wars and the World after October 7
The October 7 Explosion
The Images and Narrative of the Global Information War
On the Peaks of Despair: The Relentless Violence of the War in Gaza
A Climate of Intellectual Insurrection: The Post-October 7 World
The ISKP: Prelude to a Return to Jihadism?
