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Full Description
Oil spills can be difficult to manage, with reporting frequently delayed. Too often, by the time responders arrive at the scene, the slick has moved, dissolved, dispersed or sunk. This Oil Spill Monitoring Handbook provides practical advice on what information is likely required following the accidental release of oil or other petroleum-based products into the marine environment.
The book focuses on response phase monitoring for maritime spills, otherwise known as Type I or operational monitoring. Response phase monitoring tries to address the questions; what? where? when? how? how much? that assist responders to find, track, predict and clean up spills, and to assess their efforts. Oil spills often occur in remote, sensitive and logistically difficult locations, often in adverse weather, and the oil can change character and location over time. An effective response requires robust information provided by monitoring, observation, sampling and science.
The Oil Spill Monitoring Handbook completely updates the Australian Maritime Safety Authority's 2003 edition of the same name, taking into account the latest scientific advances in physical, chemical and biological monitoring, many of which have evolved as a consequence of major oil spill disasters in the last decade. It includes sections on the chemical properties of oil, the toxicological impacts of oil exposure, and the impacts of oil exposure on different marine habitats with relevance to Australia and elsewhere. An overview is provided on how monitoring integrates with the oil spill response process, the response organisation, the use of decision-support tools such as net environmental benefit analysis, and some of the most commonly used response technologies. Throughout the text, examples are given of lessons learned from previous oil spill incidents and responses, both local and international. General guidance of spill monitoring approaches and technologies is augmented with in-depth discussion on both response phase and post-response phase monitoring design and delivery. Finally, a set of appendices delivers detailed standard operating procedures for practical observation, sample and data collection.
Contents
Foreword
Preface
About the editors
About the authors
Disclaimer
Acknowledgments
Introduction to Oil Spill Monitoring
Stages of a spill response
Scale of the oil spill and the response strategy
Spilled Oil: Overview of Composition, Fate, Effects and Response Options
Properties of oils
Fate of oils in the environment
Bioaccumulation and toxicity of oil
Effects of oil in marine habitats
Oil spill response options
Preparing for Oil Spill Monitoring
Designing a monitoring program
Study design for environmental monitoring
Field sampling program
Laboratory analyses
Data handling and management
Responding to an Oil Spill: Initial Assessment
Functions, roles and structures
Preparedness and contingency planning
The spill response process
Response Option Assessment
Evaluating response options: Net Environmental Benefit Analysis
Decision making for shoreline cleanup and assessment
Response evaluation
Response Phase Monitoring
Introduction
Oil-spill trajectory modelling
Physical monitoring
Vessel-based surveillance
Chemical monitoring
Hazard assessment following an oil spill
Habitat monitoring
Recovery-phase Monitoring
Monitoring designs to detect impacts and recovery
Oil concentration and composition in the environment
Direct laboratory toxicity assessment of environmental samples
Molecular biomarkers
Community structure analysis
Ecosystem recovery
References
Appendices
Appendix A. Standard operating procedure for shipboard collection of surface waters using wide-mouth jars
Appendix B. Standard operating procedure for collection of waters for dissolved hydrocarbon analysis from a Niskin bottle
Appendix C. Standard operating procedure for the collection of waters for volatile organic compound (BTEX) analysis
Appendix D. Standard operating procedure for shipboard collection of surface oil using GO nets
Appendix E. Standard operating procedure for the collection of thin sheens using slick samplers
Appendix F. Use of sensors for oil spill monitoring
Appendix G. Standard operating procedure for grab sample collection of sediment for PAH, biomarkers, and TOC analyses
Appendix H. Standard operating procedure for collection of overlying waters plus sediment from corers for PAHs and biomarker analysis
Appendix I. Taking sediment samples with a manual push corer
Appendix J. Standard operating procedure for pre-cleaning of equipment prior to sampling for headspace gas and organic geochemistry
Appendix K. Standard operating procedure for collection of sediments for molecular microbial analysis
Appendix L. Standard operating procedure for collection of seafood samples for analysis of taint
Appendix M. Standard operating procedure for the collection and archiving of tissue samples for biomarker analysis
Appendix N. Standard operating procedure for sampling plankton community structure and biomass
Appendix O. Collecting samples for sediment infaunal analysis
Appendix P. Standard operating procedure for sampling intertidal and subtidal areas for community composition
Appendix Q. Standard operating procedure for surveying the impacts of oil spills on bird populations
Appendix R. Standard operating procedure for surveying the impacts of oil spills on non-avian marine wildlife
Appendix S. Examples of sample data sheets
Appendix T. Overview of shoreline assessment
Appendix U. Standard operating procedure for determining shoreline gradient
Appendix V. Standard operating procedure for requesting oil spill trajectory modelling
Appendix W. Example of the activation pro-forma used for team deployment
Glossary of terms and acronyms
Index
