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Full Description
The Muslim conquest of Iberia in 711 began nearly eight centuries of struggle for control of the peninsula. The invaders quickly achieved military supremacy, but political dominance was less complete. Within a few years, a small band of Christian rebels defied Muslim authority, establishing their own ruling class in the northern mountains of Asturias.
The opposing forces competed for control until the Catholic Monarchs Fernando and Isabel established absolute rule in 1492.
Drawing on the latest scholarship, this comprehensive study traces the succession of Iberian sovereigns during a complicated period in early European history.
Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
1. On the Eve of Conquest: Before
The Visigoths in Iberia
The Arab Conquest of North Africa
Count Julian and Musa ibn Nusayr
2. The Muslim Invasion and the Period of Governors: 711-756
The Muslim Invasion of Iberia
The Arrival of Musa ibn Nusayr: 712-714
The Campaigns of Abd al-Aziz: 714-716
The Administration of al-Hurr: 716-718
Pelagius (Pelayo) and the Beginning of Christian Resistance
A Rapid Succession of Governors and Muslim Expansion North
the Pyrenees
Berber Uprising and Civil War
Expansion of Asturias During the Reign of Alfonso I (739-757)
3. Umayyad Emirs and the Emergence of the Christian North: 756-912
The Rise of Abd al-Rahman ibn Marwan
The Christian North During the Time of Abd al-Rahman I
The Asturian Kingdom and the Reigns of Hisham I (788-796)
and al-Hakam I (796-822)
Carolingian Influence in the Pyrenees After 778
Carolingian Control Rebuffed in the Western Pyrenees
The Banu Qasi and Pamplona Versus Córdoba
Ramiro I (842-850) of Asturias
Mid-Ninth Century Changes in Leadership
Internal Unrest in al-Andalus Under Muhammad I (852-886)
The Short Unfortunate Reign of al-Mundhir (886-888)
The Reign of Abd Allah (888-912)
Emerging Independence in the Eastern Pyrenean Counties
Fortún Garcés (880?-905), the Last of His Dynasty in Navarre
4. The Age of Abd al-Rahman III: 912-961
Abd al-Rahman III Restores the Authority of Córdoba
The Sons of Alfonso III: 910-925
The Struggle for La Rioja
The Christian North in a State of Flux: 925-931
The Surging Influence of Castile
The Emir Abd al-Rahman III (912-961) Becomes Caliph
The Resumption of Conflicts During the Reign of Ramiro II (931-951)
Ordoño III (951-956), Sancho I (956...966), and Ordoño IV (958-959)
5. From Dominance to Decadence in al-Andalus: 961-1031
The Kingdoms of León and Navarre in Contest with al-Hakam II (961-976)
The Reign of Hisham II (976...1013) and the Usurpation of al-Mansur
The Christian North Oppressed by the Dictatorship of al-Mansur
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar (1002-1008) Maintains Muslim Dominance
Over the North
The Short Dictatorship of Sanchuelo (1008-1009)
Sancho García Aligns with Caliph Sulayman Against Caliph Muhammad II: 1009
From Ali ibn Hammud (1016-1018) to Hisham III (1027-1031)
The Christian North Benefits from the Civil War in al-Andalus
6. The Vacillation of Power Between Christian and Muslim Realms: 1035-1109
The Disintegration of the Caliphate into Taifa States
The Four Sons of Sancho Garcés III—García, Ramiro, Gonzalo, and
Fernando: 1035-1065
The Sons of Fernando I—Sancho, Alfonso, and García: 1065-1073
The Early Success of Alfonso VI: 1073-1085
Changes in Leadership in the Eastern Counties: 1035-1096
The Rise of the Almoravids
The Hegemony of Alfonso VI Is Challenged: 1086-1109
7. Christian Civil War and Waning Almoravid Power: 1109-1157
The Failed Marriage of Urraca and Alfonso I of Aragon and Civil War:
1109-1117
León-Castile During the Final Years of Urraca's Reign: 1117-1126
The Eastern Counties Under Ramon Berenguer III (1097-1131)
The Emergence of Portugal
Alfonso I of Aragon, the Battler, During the Truce with León-Castile:
1118-1126
Young Alfonso VII and the Elder Battler in Contest: 1126-1134
The Reign of Ramiro II and the Union of Aragon and Catalonia: 1134-1137
The Re-Alignment and Stabilization of Four Christian Realms: 1137-1143
The Rise of the Almohads
The Christian North Confronts a New Power in al-Andalus: 1143-1157
8. The Division of León-Castile and the Decline of the Almohads: 1157-1214
The Division of León-Castile and the Regency of Alfonso VIII: 1157-1169
Almohad Campaigns During the Early Reign of Alfonso VIII: 1169-1188
The Almohads Successfully Contest Christian Aggression: 1189-1195
A Defeated Alfonso VIII Triumphs at Las Navas de Tolosa: 1196-1212
The Death of Three Leaders and the End of an Era: 1213-1214
9. The Age of the Great Christian Conquests and the Era of Alfonso X: 1214-1284
The Unfortunate Reign of Enrique I and the Ascendance of Fernando III: 1214-1224
The Early Years of Jaume I of Aragon-Barcelona: 1213-1228
The Reign of Afonso II of Portugal: 1211-1223
The Almohad Empire in Disorder and the Renewal of Christian Offensives:
1224-1230
Relentless Strikes from a Reunited León-Castile: 1231-1235
Jaume I of Aragon Advances on Valencia: 1232-1238
Córdoba and Its Environs Fall to the Crown of Castile: 1235-1241
The Fall of Murcia, Jaén and the Vassalage of Granada: 1243-1246
The Deposition of Sancho II and Portugal's Advance on the Algarve:
1245-1249
The Conquest of Seville and the Last Days of Fernando III: 1246-1252
The Early Reign of Alfonso X: 1252-1275
The Final Years of Alfonso X: 1275-1284
10. A Rebellious Nobility During War, Plague and Famine: 1284-1369
The Reign of Sancho IV (1284-1295)
The Reigns of Pere III (1276-1285), Alfonso III (1285-1291),
and Jaume II (1291-1327) of Aragon
The Reign of Fernando IV (1295-1312)
The Minority of Alfonso XI: 1312-1325
Leadership Changes in Portugal, Navarre, Aragon, and Granada
the 1320's
The Majority of Alfonso XI: 1325-1350
The Reign of Pedro I, el Cruel (1350-1369)
11. The Age of the Trastámaras: 1369-1479
The Reign of the First Trastámara, Enrique II (1369-1379)
Juan I (1379-1390) of Castile and the Failed Annexation of Portugal
The Reign of Enrique III (1390-1406) of Castile
The End of the Male Line in Aragon: 1387-1410
The Minority of Juan II of Castile and the Rise of Fernando
Antequera: 1406-1419
The Majority of Juan II of Castile: 1419-1454
The Reign of Enrique IV (1454-1474) of Castile
Civil War in Navarre and Aragon During the Reign of Joan II:
1441-1472
Portugal Under Duarte (1433-1438) and Afonso V (1438...1481)
Isabel and Fernando Struggle for Unity and Pacification: 1474-1479
12. The Catholic Monarchs and the Conquest of Granada: 1480-1492
A New Order in Iberia and an Escalation of War with Granada:
1480-1486
The Fall of Málaga, Eastern Andalucia, and Granada: 1487-1492
Appendix I: Lists
Visigothic Rulers
Umayyad Governors, Emirs, Caliphs 632-1031
Almoravid and Almohad Leaders
The Nasrids of Granada
Appendix II: Maps
Map 1: Roman Provinces
Map 2: Visigothic Settlement Between Bordeaux and Toulouse
Map 3: Visigothic Conquests Under Leovigild, Sisebut and Suintila
Map 4: The Muslim Conquest of North Africa
Map 5: Muslim Invasion Routes in Iberia: 711-714
Map 6: Iberia Circa 930
Map 7: The Early County of Castile
Map 8: Locations in La Rioja
Map 9: Christian Advances by 1076, 1086, 1157, 1230, and 1252
Appendix III: Genealogical Charts
Chart 1: The Kings of Asturias: 718-910
Chart 2: The Counts of Aragon: 809-922
Chart 3: The Kings of Pamplona: 824-905
Chart 4: The Counts of Ribagorça-Pallars
Chart 5: The Counts of the Eastern Pyrenees: 812-1038
Chart 6: The Banu Qasi
Chart 7: The Kings of Navarre: 905-1076
Chart 8: The Kings of León: 866-1037
Chart 9: The Counts of Castile: 931-1037
Chart 10: The Kings of León-Castile: 1037-1252
Chart 11: The Kings of Aragon: 1035-1162
Chart 12: The Counts of the Eastern Pyrenees: 1035-1162
Chart 13: The Kings of Navarre Restored: 1134-1305
Chart 14: The Count-Kings of Aragon-Barcelona: 1131-1387
Chart 15: The Kings of Portugal: 1139-1367
Chart 16: The Kings of León-Castile: 1252-1369
Chart 17: The Kings of León-Castile: 1350-1504
Chart 18: The French Rulers of Navarre: 1305-1518
Chart 19: The Kings of Portugal: 1357-1495
Chart 20: The Count-Kings of Aragon-Barcelona: 1387-1516
Works Consulted
Index
