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The tissue culture approach to the study of membrane properties of excitable cells has progressed beyond the technical problems of culture methodology. Recent developments have fostered substantive contributions in research con cerned with the physiology, pharmacology, and biophysics of cell membranes in tissue culture. The scope of this volume is related to the application of tissue culture methodology to developmental processes and cellular mechanisms of electrical and chemical excitability. The major emphasis will be on the body of new biological information made available by the analytic possibilities inherent in the tissue culture systems. Naturally occurring preparations of excitable cells are frequently of suf ficient morphological complexity to compromise the analysis of the data obtained from them. Some of the limitations associated with dissected prepa rations have to do with the direct visualization of and access to the cell(s) in question and maintenance of steady-state conditions for prolonged periods of time. Since preparations in tissue culture can circumvent these problems, it is feasible to analyze the properties of identifiable cells, grown either singly or in prescribed geometries, as well as to follow the development of cellular inter actions. A crucial consideration in the use of cultured preparations is that they must faithfully capture the phenomenon of interest to the investigator. This and other potential limitations on the methodology are of necessary concern in the present volume.
Contents
1 The Expression of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Properties by Autonomic Neurons in Tissue Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some Historical Aspects of the Culture of Autonomic Neurons.- 3. The Parasympathetic Neuron in Culture.- 4. Neurons of the Enteric Plexus in Culture.- 5. The Sympathetic Neuron in Culture: Basic Properties.- 6. Input to Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 7. Innervation of Visceral Target Tissues Grown with Sympathetic Neurons.- 8. Synaptic Interactions between Sympathetic Neurons in Culture.- 9. Discussion.- 10. Summary.- References.- 2 Electrophysiological and Structural Studies of Neurons in Dissociated Cell Cultures of the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electrical Properties of Cultured Neurons.- 3. Central Synaptic Transmission.- 4. General Comments.- References.- 3 Neuropharmacology of Spinal Cord Neurons in Primary Dissociated Cell Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mammalian Spinal Cord Neurons in Primary Dissociated Cell Culture.- 3. Methodology.- 4. Amino Acid Pharmacology of Spinal Neurons in PDC Culture.- 5. Convulsant and Anticonvulsant Actions on Spinal Cord Neurons in PDC Culture.- 6. Summary.- 7. Future Directions.- References.- 4 Voltage Clamp Techniques Applied to Cultured Skeletal Muscle and Spinal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Why Voltage Clamp?.- 3. Voltage Clamp System.- 4. Taming the Spinal Cord Neuron Spike.- 5. Microelectrode Shielding and Guarding.- 6. Space Clamping.- 7. Practical Points.- References.- 5 Membrane Noise Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of Channel Noise.- 3. Spectra and Autocorrelation.- 4. Channel Noise.- 5. Experimental Methods for Measuring and Analyzing Conductance Fluctuations.- 6. Current Noise under Voltage Clamp in a Microelectrode System.- 7. Measurement of Single-Channel Currents.- 8. Summary of Major Results Obtained by Fluctuation Analysis on Chemically Excited Systems.- References.- 6 Nerve Cells in Clonal Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The C-1300 Mouse Neuroblastoma.- 3. Rat Pheochromocytoma.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Electrophysiology of Clonal Nerve Cell Lines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some General Considerations about Growth and Differentiation of Clonal Nerve Cell Lines.- 3. Resting Membrane Potential.- 4. Development of Electrical Excitability.- 5. Electrical Excitability of Differentiated Neuroblastoma Cells.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Studies of Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Cultured Cells Using Ion-Flux and Ligand-Binding Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Methods.- 3. Analysis of the Properties of Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Cultured Cells Using Ion-Flux and Ligand-Binding Methods.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Electrophysiological Properties of Developing Skeletal Muscle Cells in Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods and Materials.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 10 The Physiology of Smooth Muscle Cells in Tissue Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Applications.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Calcium Exchange in Myocardial Tissue Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Scintillation-Disk Flow Cell Technique.- 3. The Role of the Glycocalyx.- 4. Cation Affinity Sequence.- 5. "Gas-Dissected" Membranes.- 6. Summary.- References.- 12 Cardiac Muscle with Controlled Geometry: Application to Electrophysiological and Ion Transport Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthetic Strand.- 3. Cultured Cluster.- 4. Polystrand.- 5. Conclusion.- References.
