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Undergraduate students of research methods in psychology and the behavioral sciences
Contents
Part IChapter 1: Introduction to Statistics1.1 The Use of Statistics in Science1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics1.3 Research Methods and Statistics1.4 Scales of Measurement1.5 Types of Data1.6 Research in Focus: Types of Data and Scales of Measurement1.7 SPSS in Focus: Entering and Defining VariablesChapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in Tables and Graphs2.1 Why Summarize Data?2.2 Frequency Distributions for Grouped Data2.3 Identifying Percentile Points and Percentile Ranks2.4 SPSS in Focus: Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data2.5 Frequency Distributions for Ungrouped Data2.6 Research in Focus: Summarizing Demographic Information2.7 SPSS in Focus: Frequency Distributions for Categorical Data2.8 Pictorial Frequency Distributions2.9 Graphing Distributions: Continuous Data2.10 Graphing Distributions: Discrete and Categorical Data2.11 Research in Focus: Frequencies and Percents2.12 SPSS in Focus: Histograms, Bar Charts, and Pie ChartsChapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency3.1 Introduction to Central Tendency3.2 Measures of Central Tendency3.3 Characteristics of the Mean3.4 Choosing an Appropriate Measure of Central Tendency3.5 Research in Focus: Describing Central Tendency3.6 SPSS in Focus: Mean, Median, and ModeChapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability4.1 Measuring Variability4.2 The Range4.3 Research in Focus: Reporting the Range4.4 Quartiles and Intequartiles4.5 The Variance4.6 Explaining Variance for Populations and Samples4.7 The Computational Formula for Variance4.8 The Standard Deviation4.9 What Does the Standard Deviation Tell Us?4.10 Characteristics of the Standard Deviation4.11 SPSS in Focus: Range, Variance, and Standard DeviationPart II: Probability and the Foundations of Inferential StatisticsChapter 5: Probability5.1 Introduction to Probability5.2 Calculating Probability5.3 Probability and Relative Frequency5.4 The Relationship Between Multiple Outcomes5.5 Conditional Probabilities and Bayes' Theorem5.6 SPSS in Focus: Probability Tables5.7 Probability Distributions5.8 The Mean of a Probability Distribution and Expected Value5.9 Research in Focus: When Are Risks Worth Taking?5.10 The Variance and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution5.11 Expected Value and the Binomial Distribution5.12 A Final Thought on the Likelihood of Random Behavioral OutcomesChapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and z Scores6.1 The Normal Distribution in Behavioral Science6.2 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution6.3 Research in Focus: The Statistical Norm6.4 The Standard Normal Distribution6.5 The Unit Normal Table: A Brief Introduction6.6 Locating Proportions6.7 Locating Scores6.8 SPSS in Focus: Converting Raw Scores to Standard z Scores6.9 Going From Binomial to Normal6.10 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial DistributionChapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions7.1 Selecting Samples From Populations7.2 Selecting a Sample: Who's in and Who's out?7.3 Sampling Distributions: The Mean7.4 Sampling Distributions: The Variance7.5 The Standard Error of the Mean7.6 Factors that Decrease Standard Error7.7 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean7.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the Standard Error7.9 Standard Normal Transformations With Sampling DistributionsPart III: Probability and the Foundations of Inferential StatisticsChapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and Power8.1 Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing8.2 Four Steps to Hypothesis Testing8.3 Hypothesis Testing and Sampling Distributions8.4 Making a Decision: Types of Error8.5 Testing for Significance: Examples Using the z Test8.6 Research in Focus: Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests8.7 Measuring the Size of an Effect: Cohen's d8.8 Effect Size, Power, and Sample Size8.9 Additional Factors That Increase Power8.10 SPSS in Focus: A Preview for Chapters 9 to 188.11 APA in Focus: Reporting the Test Statistic and Effect SizeChapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and Two-Independent Sample t Tests9.1 Going From z to t9.2 The Degrees of Freedom9.3 Reading the t Table9.4 One Sample t Test9.5 Effect Size for the One Sample t Test9.6 SPSS in Focus: One Sample t Test9.7 Two-Independent Sample t Test9.8 Effect Size for the Two-Independent Sample t Test9.9 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent Sample t Test9.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the t Statistic and Effect SizeChapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples t Test10.1 Related and Independent Samples10.2 Introduction to the Related Samples t Test10.3 Related Samples t Test: Repeated-Measures Design10.4 SPSS in Focus: The Related Samples t Test10.5 Related Samples t Test: Matched-Pairs Design10.6 Measuring Effect Size for the Related Samples t Test10.7 Advantages for Selecting Related Samples10.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the t Statistic and Effect Size for Related SamplesChapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals11.1 Point Estimation and Interval Estimation11.2 The Process of Estimation11.3 Estimation for the One-Sample z Test11.4 Estimation for the One-Sample t Test11.5 SPSS in Focus: Confidence Intervals for the One-Sample t Test11.6 Estimation for the Two-Independent Sample t Test11.7 SPSS in Focus: Confidence Intervals for the Two-Independent Sample t Test11.8 Estimation for the Related Samples t Test11.9 SPSS in Focus: Confidence Intervals for the Related Samples t Test11.10 Characteristics of Estimation: Precisions and Certainty11.11: APA in Focus: Reporting Confidence IntervalsPart IV: Making Inferences About the Variability of Two or More MeansChapter 12. Analysis of Variance: One-Way Between-Subjects Design12.1 Increasing k: A Shift to Analyzing Variance12.2 An Introduction to Analysis of Variance12.3 Sources of Variation and the Test Statistic12.4 Degrees of Freedom12.5 The One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA12.6 What Is the Next Step?12.7 Post Hoc Comparisons12.8 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA12.9 Measuring Effect Size12.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the F Statistic, Significance, and Effect SizeChapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects (Repeated Measures) Design13.1 Observing the Same Participants Across Groups13.2 Sources of Variation and the Test Statistic13.3 Degrees of Freedom13.4 The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA13.5 Post Hoc Comparison: Bonferroni Procedure13.6 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA13.7 Measuring Effect Size13.8 The Within-Subjects Design: Consistency and Power13.9 APA in Focus: Reporting the F Statistic, Significance, and Effect SizeChapter 14. Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Between-Subjects Factorial Design14.1 Observing Two Factors at the Same Time14.2 New Terminology and Notation14.3 Designs for the Two-Way ANOVA14.4 Describing Variability: Main Effects and Interactions14.5 The Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA14.6 Analyzing Main Effects and Interactions14.7 Measuring Effect Size14.8 SPSS in Focus: The Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA14.9 APA in Focus: Reporting Main Effects, Interactions, and Effect SizePart V: Making Inferences About Patterns, Frequencies, and Ordinal DataChapter 15. Correlation15.1 The Structure of a Correlational Design15.2 Describing a Correlation15.3 Pearson Correlation Coefficient15.4 SPSS in Focus: Pearson Correlation Coefficient15.5 Assumptions of Tests for Linear Correlations15.6 Limitations in Interpretation: Causality, Outliers, and Restrictions of Range15.7 Alternative to Pearson r: Spearman Correlation Coefficient15.8 SPSS in Focus: Spearman Correlation Coefficient15.9 Alternative to Pearson r: Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient15.10 SPSS in Focus: Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient15.11 Alternative to Pearson r: Phi Correlation Coefficient15.12 SPSS in Focus: Phi Correlation Coefficient15.13 APA in Focus: Reporting CorrelationsChapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression16.1 From Relationships to Predictions16.2 Fundamentals of Linear Regression16.3 What Makes the Regression Line the Best-Fitting Line?16.4 The Slope and y Intercept of a Straight Line16.5 Using the Method of Least Squares to Find the Best Fit16.6 Using Analysis of Regression to Measure Significance16.7 SPSS in Focus: Analysis of Regression16.8 Using the Standard Error of Estimate to Measure Accuracy16.9 Introduction to Multiple Regression16.10 Computing and Evaluating Significance for Multiple Regression16.11 The Beta Coefficient for Multiple Regression16.12 Evaluating Significance for the Relative Contribution of Each Predictor Variable16.13 SPSS in Focus: Multiple Regression Analysis16.14 APA in Focus: Reporting Regression AnalysisChapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests17.1 Tests for Nominal Data17.2 The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test17.3 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test17.4 Interpreting the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test17.5 Independent Observations and Expected Frequency Size17.6 The Chi-Square Test for Independence17.7 The Relationship Between Chi-Square and the Phi Coefficient17.8 Measures of Effect Size17.9 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Test for Independence17.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the Chi-Square TestChapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data18.1 Tests for Ordinal Data18.2 The Sign Test18.3 SPSS in Focus: The Related Samples Sign Test18.4. The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T Test18.5 SPSS in Focus: The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T Test18.6 The Mann-Whitney U Test18.7 SPSS in Focus: The Mann-Whitney U Test18.8 The Kruskal-Wallis H Test18.9 SPSS in Focus: The Kruskal-Wallis H Test18.10 The Friedman Test18.11 SPSS in Focus: The Friedman Test18.12 APA in Focus: Reporting Nonparametric TestsAppendix A: Basic Math Review and Summation NotationA.1 Positive and Negative NumbersA.2 AdditionA.3 SubtractionA.4 MultiplicationA.5 DivisionA.6 FractionsA.7 Decimals and PercentsA.8 Exponents and RootsA.9 Order of ComputationA.10 Equations: Solving for xA.11 Summation NotationAppendix B: Statistical TablesTable B.1 The Unit Normal TableTable B.2 The t DistributionTable B.3 Critical Values for F DistributionTable B.4 The Studentized Range Statistic (q)Table B.5 Critical Values for the Pearson CorrelationTable B.6 Critical Values for the Spearman CorrelationTable B.7 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable B.8 Distribution of Binomial ProbabilitiesTable B.9 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank T Critical ValuesTable B.10 Critical Values of the Mann-Whitney UAppendix C: Chapter Solutions for Even-Numbered Problems
